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No Retroactive Application of Wolff or Landman
The U.S. Supreme Court held that two cases determining due process
procedures in prison disciplinary cases could not be applied retroactively.
A Virginia prisoner brought an action against prison authorities alleging
due process violations after he was charged with disciplinary infractions
and placed in solitary confinement without notice of the charges or a
hearing. The prisoner requested monetary damages and that the disciplinary
charges be removed from his record.
A U.S. District Court ruled in the state's favor, and held that even though
the prisoner was in fact placed in solitary confinement without notice or
hearing, there was not enough evidence to show that prison authorities knew
of, or were responsible for, the prisoner's confinement. The Court of
Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed and remanded. Citing Wolff v.
McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974) and Landman
v. Royster, 333 F.Supp. 621 (E.D.Va. 1971), they held there was in fact
enough evidence to prove the prison officials' culpability.
The U.S. Supreme Court reversed, holding that both Wolff and Landman were
decided after the prisoner's disciplinary charges and subsequent
confinement in solitary, and that neither ruling applied retroactively nor
could the rulings be used to determine culpability of the prison
authorities. See: Cox v. Cook, 420 U.S. 734, 95 S.Ct. 1237, 43 L.Ed.2d 587
(1975).
procedures in prison disciplinary cases could not be applied retroactively.
A Virginia prisoner brought an action against prison authorities alleging
due process violations after he was charged with disciplinary infractions
and placed in solitary confinement without notice of the charges or a
hearing. The prisoner requested monetary damages and that the disciplinary
charges be removed from his record.
A U.S. District Court ruled in the state's favor, and held that even though
the prisoner was in fact placed in solitary confinement without notice or
hearing, there was not enough evidence to show that prison authorities knew
of, or were responsible for, the prisoner's confinement. The Court of
Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed and remanded. Citing Wolff v.
McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974) and Landman
v. Royster, 333 F.Supp. 621 (E.D.Va. 1971), they held there was in fact
enough evidence to prove the prison officials' culpability.
The U.S. Supreme Court reversed, holding that both Wolff and Landman were
decided after the prisoner's disciplinary charges and subsequent
confinement in solitary, and that neither ruling applied retroactively nor
could the rulings be used to determine culpability of the prison
authorities. See: Cox v. Cook, 420 U.S. 734, 95 S.Ct. 1237, 43 L.Ed.2d 587
(1975).
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Related legal case
Cox v. Cook
| Year | 1975 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 420 U.S. 734, 95 S.Ct. 1237, 43 L.Ed.2d 587 (1975) |
| Level | Supreme Court |
| Attorney Fees | 0 |
| Damages | 0 |
| Injunction Status | N/A |
COX v. COOK, 95 S. Ct. 1237, 420 U.S. 734 (U.S. 03/24/1975)
[1] SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
[2] No. 74-751
[3] 95 S. Ct. 1237, 420 U.S. 734, 43 L. Ed. 2d 587, 1975.SCT
[4] decided: March 24, 1975.
[5] COX, FORMER ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR TREATMENT, VIRGINIA DIVISION OF CORRECTIONS, ET AL
v.
COOK
[6] ON PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT.
[7] Author: Per Curiam
[ 420 U.S. Page 734]
[8] This petition by officials of the Virginia prison system for a writ of certiorari arises out of a suit brought against them by an inmate of the Virginia State Penitentiary in which he alleged that on three occasions, between October 1968 and March 1970, he was placed in solitary confinement for misconduct without being given notice of the misconduct charged or an opportunity to meet the charge at a hearing,*fn1 in violation of the procedural requirements of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; and in which he requested monetary damages and expunction of all records of the discipline.
[ 420 U.S. Page 735]
A jury at a partial trial*fn2 found that respondent had in fact been placed in solitary confinement for misconduct without notice or a hearing. It also found that he had suffered mental but no physical damage. However, it made no finding with respect to the responsibility of any of the petitioners for his confinement. After offering respondent an additional opportunity to adduce further proof on this issue before a second jury, the trial judge ruled that respondent could recover nothing as the proof was insufficient to establish that petitioners had knowledge of or were responsible for respondent's confinement.
[9] Respondent appealed and, without briefs or oral argument, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, holding that the proof below would support a finding that petitioners were ultimately responsible for respondent's solitary confinement, reversed and remanded for further proceedings.
[10] On petition for rehearing petitioners contended that the constitutional rule requiring notice and some kind of a hearing in connection with serious prison discipline determinations was created in Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, in 1974, and was expressly made inapplicable to disciplinary action taken before the date of that decision. Id., at 573-574. Thus even if respondent had proved that petitioners were responsible for his solitary confinement he could not, as a matter of law, obtain relief. The Court of Appeals denied the rehearing petition, saying that, in the district in which respondent was incarcerated, a federal decision predating Wolff v. McDonnell, supra, namely Landman v. Royster, 333 F.Supp.
[ 420 U.S. Page 736621]
(ED Va. 1971), required notice and a hearing in connection with serious prison discipline determinations. Petitioners contend here that Landman v. Royster, supra, was itself decided after the discipline determinations involved in this case and thus supplies no more basis for liability in this case than does Wolff v. McDonnell. We agree.
[11] In Wolff v. McDonnell, supra, we held that a state prisoner was entitled under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to notice and some kind of a hearing in connection with discipline determinations involving serious misconduct. However, we expressly rejected the holding of the Court of Appeals in that case that
[12] "the due process requirements in prison disciplinary proceedings were to apply retroactively so as to require that prison records containing determinations of misconduct, not in accord with required procedures, be expunged," 418 U.S., at 573;
[ 420 U.S. Page 737]
and we expressly held our decision not to be retroactive. The holding was made in the context of a request for expunction of the records of prison discipline determinations. The same result obtains, a fortiori, to monetary claims against prison officials acting in goodfaith reliance on a pre-existing procedure. See Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547 (1967). It is true that the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia in Landman v. Royster, supra, anticipated in part the holding of this Court in Wolff v. McDonnell, supra. Even if this might bear on the retroactivity issue with respect to discipline determinations made in the Eastern District of Virginia after the decision in Landman v. Royster, supra, and before the decision in Wolff v. McDonnell, supra, the discipline determinations in this case all occurred before the decision in Landman v. Royster, Page 737} supra. Therefore, neither the rule announced in that case nor the one announced in Wolff v. McDonnell, supra, supports respondent's damage or expunction claims here.*fn3 Accordingly, the writ of certiorari is granted and the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit is
[13] Reversed.
[14] MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
[15] Disposition
[16] Certiorari granted; reversed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Opinion Footnotes
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[17] *fn1 The suit was also based on a claim that an unidentified guard inflicted a beating on respondent. The Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit has sustained the District Court's holding that none of the petitioners was responsible for the beating, and respondent has not filed a cross-petition for a writ of certiorari.
[18] *fn2 The trial judge was uncertain whether respondent was entitled to a jury trial. Counsel and the court agreed to obtain a jury's findings of fact on certain issues in the form of a special verdict, and to postpone decision whether a jury trial was warranted.
[19] *fn3 We do not regard the uncertain dicta in Landman v. Peyton, 370 F.2d 135 (CA4 1966), which did predate the discipline determinations involved here, as laying down a rule binding on petitioners prior to the later decision in Landman v. Royster, 333 F.Supp. 621 (ED Va. 1971). These dicta were not mentioned or relied on by the Court of Appeals or respondent.
[1] SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
[2] No. 74-751
[3] 95 S. Ct. 1237, 420 U.S. 734, 43 L. Ed. 2d 587, 1975.SCT
[4] decided: March 24, 1975.
[5] COX, FORMER ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR TREATMENT, VIRGINIA DIVISION OF CORRECTIONS, ET AL
v.
COOK
[6] ON PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT.
[7] Author: Per Curiam
[ 420 U.S. Page 734]
[8] This petition by officials of the Virginia prison system for a writ of certiorari arises out of a suit brought against them by an inmate of the Virginia State Penitentiary in which he alleged that on three occasions, between October 1968 and March 1970, he was placed in solitary confinement for misconduct without being given notice of the misconduct charged or an opportunity to meet the charge at a hearing,*fn1 in violation of the procedural requirements of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; and in which he requested monetary damages and expunction of all records of the discipline.
[ 420 U.S. Page 735]
A jury at a partial trial*fn2 found that respondent had in fact been placed in solitary confinement for misconduct without notice or a hearing. It also found that he had suffered mental but no physical damage. However, it made no finding with respect to the responsibility of any of the petitioners for his confinement. After offering respondent an additional opportunity to adduce further proof on this issue before a second jury, the trial judge ruled that respondent could recover nothing as the proof was insufficient to establish that petitioners had knowledge of or were responsible for respondent's confinement.
[9] Respondent appealed and, without briefs or oral argument, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, holding that the proof below would support a finding that petitioners were ultimately responsible for respondent's solitary confinement, reversed and remanded for further proceedings.
[10] On petition for rehearing petitioners contended that the constitutional rule requiring notice and some kind of a hearing in connection with serious prison discipline determinations was created in Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, in 1974, and was expressly made inapplicable to disciplinary action taken before the date of that decision. Id., at 573-574. Thus even if respondent had proved that petitioners were responsible for his solitary confinement he could not, as a matter of law, obtain relief. The Court of Appeals denied the rehearing petition, saying that, in the district in which respondent was incarcerated, a federal decision predating Wolff v. McDonnell, supra, namely Landman v. Royster, 333 F.Supp.
[ 420 U.S. Page 736621]
(ED Va. 1971), required notice and a hearing in connection with serious prison discipline determinations. Petitioners contend here that Landman v. Royster, supra, was itself decided after the discipline determinations involved in this case and thus supplies no more basis for liability in this case than does Wolff v. McDonnell. We agree.
[11] In Wolff v. McDonnell, supra, we held that a state prisoner was entitled under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to notice and some kind of a hearing in connection with discipline determinations involving serious misconduct. However, we expressly rejected the holding of the Court of Appeals in that case that
[12] "the due process requirements in prison disciplinary proceedings were to apply retroactively so as to require that prison records containing determinations of misconduct, not in accord with required procedures, be expunged," 418 U.S., at 573;
[ 420 U.S. Page 737]
and we expressly held our decision not to be retroactive. The holding was made in the context of a request for expunction of the records of prison discipline determinations. The same result obtains, a fortiori, to monetary claims against prison officials acting in goodfaith reliance on a pre-existing procedure. See Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547 (1967). It is true that the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia in Landman v. Royster, supra, anticipated in part the holding of this Court in Wolff v. McDonnell, supra. Even if this might bear on the retroactivity issue with respect to discipline determinations made in the Eastern District of Virginia after the decision in Landman v. Royster, supra, and before the decision in Wolff v. McDonnell, supra, the discipline determinations in this case all occurred before the decision in Landman v. Royster, Page 737} supra. Therefore, neither the rule announced in that case nor the one announced in Wolff v. McDonnell, supra, supports respondent's damage or expunction claims here.*fn3 Accordingly, the writ of certiorari is granted and the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit is
[13] Reversed.
[14] MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
[15] Disposition
[16] Certiorari granted; reversed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Opinion Footnotes
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[17] *fn1 The suit was also based on a claim that an unidentified guard inflicted a beating on respondent. The Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit has sustained the District Court's holding that none of the petitioners was responsible for the beating, and respondent has not filed a cross-petition for a writ of certiorari.
[18] *fn2 The trial judge was uncertain whether respondent was entitled to a jury trial. Counsel and the court agreed to obtain a jury's findings of fact on certain issues in the form of a special verdict, and to postpone decision whether a jury trial was warranted.
[19] *fn3 We do not regard the uncertain dicta in Landman v. Peyton, 370 F.2d 135 (CA4 1966), which did predate the discipline determinations involved here, as laying down a rule binding on petitioners prior to the later decision in Landman v. Royster, 333 F.Supp. 621 (ED Va. 1971). These dicta were not mentioned or relied on by the Court of Appeals or respondent.