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Evidence Required for Disciplinary Sanction, Sandin Questioned
A federal district court in Indiana refused to dismiss a prisoner's habeas corpus petition challenging his disciplinary segregation because it was not clear what constituted a deprivation sufficient to invoke due process. A hearing officer's failure to indicate the evidence relied on could violate due process if there was a due process liberty interest in remaining free from segregation.
Leon Thomas, an Indiana state prisoner, was infracted and found guilty of stabbing another prisoner. As a sanction he was sentenced to three years of disciplinary segregation. He filed a writ of habeas corpus in federal court (Indiana provides no state court review of prison disciplinary hearings) claiming that he was denied his right to due process during the disciplinary hearing.
The district court dismissed Thomas' claims that the hearing officer's refusal to call witnesses on his behalf or use a preponderance of evidence standard violated due process. The court held that the disciplinary officer's refusal to explain their reasons for their findings of fact violated his right to due process. There were no firsthand witnesses to the stabbing and no informant testimony was cited. The court was troubled by the fact that Thomas denied committing the attack and his denial was bolstered by the victim and two other witnesses. "Although the CAB is entitled to reject recanted statements, it must have the statement in evidence before it can reject the statement." The state argued that Thomas's due process claims must fail in light of Sandin v. Conner, 115 S.Ct. 2293 (1995) which held that prisoners' retain a due process liberty interest only in matters which implicate the length of their sentence or imposes an 'atypical and significant hardship" in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life. The court noted that while some courts have taken Sandin to mean that due process is purged from all disciplinary segregation proceedings, it was not one of them.
The court focused its inquiry on the prison conditions Thomas was subjected to. While in Sandin the prisoner faced only 30 days in segregation Thomas was facing 3 years. The court noted that to find conditions to be "atypical and significant" it must first know what is "typical" in prison life and what constitutes "ordinary incidents of prison life." There is difficulty answering this question because Sandin provided no guidance in the mater and it is an inherently subjective question. The court held that the record was insufficiently developed to decide whether Sandin was dispositive of the due process question. This case will be useful to anyone litigating the issue of whether or not Sandin applies to disciplinary cases involving only segregation. See: Thomas v. Newkirk, 905 F. Supp. 580 (ND IN 1995).
Leon Thomas, an Indiana state prisoner, was infracted and found guilty of stabbing another prisoner. As a sanction he was sentenced to three years of disciplinary segregation. He filed a writ of habeas corpus in federal court (Indiana provides no state court review of prison disciplinary hearings) claiming that he was denied his right to due process during the disciplinary hearing.
The district court dismissed Thomas' claims that the hearing officer's refusal to call witnesses on his behalf or use a preponderance of evidence standard violated due process. The court held that the disciplinary officer's refusal to explain their reasons for their findings of fact violated his right to due process. There were no firsthand witnesses to the stabbing and no informant testimony was cited. The court was troubled by the fact that Thomas denied committing the attack and his denial was bolstered by the victim and two other witnesses. "Although the CAB is entitled to reject recanted statements, it must have the statement in evidence before it can reject the statement." The state argued that Thomas's due process claims must fail in light of Sandin v. Conner, 115 S.Ct. 2293 (1995) which held that prisoners' retain a due process liberty interest only in matters which implicate the length of their sentence or imposes an 'atypical and significant hardship" in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life. The court noted that while some courts have taken Sandin to mean that due process is purged from all disciplinary segregation proceedings, it was not one of them.
The court focused its inquiry on the prison conditions Thomas was subjected to. While in Sandin the prisoner faced only 30 days in segregation Thomas was facing 3 years. The court noted that to find conditions to be "atypical and significant" it must first know what is "typical" in prison life and what constitutes "ordinary incidents of prison life." There is difficulty answering this question because Sandin provided no guidance in the mater and it is an inherently subjective question. The court held that the record was insufficiently developed to decide whether Sandin was dispositive of the due process question. This case will be useful to anyone litigating the issue of whether or not Sandin applies to disciplinary cases involving only segregation. See: Thomas v. Newkirk, 905 F. Supp. 580 (ND IN 1995).
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Related legal case
Thomas v. Newkirk
| Year | 1995 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 905 F.Supp. 580 (ND IN 1995) |
| Level | District Court |
LEON R. THOMAS, Petitioner. v. HERBERT NEWKIRK, Defendant.
No. 3:95cv578AS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA, SOUTH BEND DIVISION
905 F. Supp. 580; 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17291
November 13, 1995, Dated
COUNSEL: [**1] For LEON R THOMAS, petitioner: Leon R Thomas [PRO SE], Westville, IN.
For HERB NEWKIRK, INDIANA ATTORNEY GENERAL, PAMELA CARTER, respondents: Robert D Bugher, Indiana Department of Correction, Indianapolis, IN.
JUDGES: ALLEN SHARP, CHIEF JUDGE, UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
OPINIONBY: ALLEN SHARP
OPINION:
[*581] MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
I. INTRODUCTION
Interests of life, liberty, and property are protected by Amendment XIV to the United States Constitution. A person may not be deprived of those interests without due process of law. U.S. Const. Amendment XIV. Petitioner Leon R. Thomas ("Thomas") is an inmate at the Indiana State Prison. On November 1, 1993 an offender by the name of Jones, # 852411 was stabbed by another inmate. Petitioner Thomas was accused of stabbing Jones. The Conduct Adjustment Board ("CAB"), No. ISP-93-12112 met on December 20, 1993 and found that Thomas stabbed Jones. Thomas was sentenced to three years disciplinary segregation. n1 Thomas exhausted his administrative appeal pursuant to Markham v. Clark, 978 F.2d 993 (7th Cir. 1992). Thomas then brought the present action under 28 U.S.C. ç 2254 alleging he has a liberty interest (ie. a constitutional right) [**2] to stay in the general prison population and that the CAB decision placing him in disciplinary segregation failed to comport with due process. Respondent replies there is no liberty interest in avoiding disciplinary segregation under Sandin v. Conner, 132 L. Ed. 2d 418, 115 S. Ct. 2293 (1995), and therefore the mandates of Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 41 L. Ed. 2d 935, 94 S. Ct. 2963 (1974) and its' progeny and progenitors are inapplicable.
n1 Chief Judge Posner indicated that "disciplinary segregation", "administrative" and "protective" segregation may be synonymous for purposes of due process analysis. Smith v. Shettle, 946 F.2d 1250, 1251. Because nothing on the record provides any means of distinguishing between the types of segregation, this court temporarily treats them as synonymous. In the interests of clarity and to assist the court in resolving the following issues, a detailed description of the conditions and purpose of each type of segregation should be provided to this court in a future brief.
II. ISSUE [**3]
Whether Thomas has a liberty interest in remaining out of disciplinary segregation? If so, whether the prison provided him sufficient due process prior to his placement in disciplinary segregation?
III. DISCUSSION
This court is unconvinced that the sole answer to the claims in this petition is simply an incantation of Sandin. Therefore, this court treats Respondent's Return to Order to Show Cause as a Motion to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Ignoring for the moment the Sandin argument presented by Respondent, this court finds no merit in some of the issues raised here. This court has no trouble dismissing the petition insofar as it raises the alleged right of Thomas to confront and cross-examine witnesses because the full-blown application of the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States clearly does not apply to CAB proceedings. Nor is this court convinced that there is any merit in Thomas' claim that he had insufficient time to prepare for his hearing. Therefore, those two claims are DISMISSED.
Thomas also argues that the CAB was required to find that a preponderance of the evidence supporting a finding [**4] of guilt. Thomas is wrong. Simply because Indiana chooses to require additional procedure "does [*582] not create an independent substantive right." Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238, 250-51, 75 L. Ed. 2d 813, 103 S. Ct. 1741 (1983). Whatever the requirements of state law, the Constitution requires only "some evidence." Superintendent v. Hill, 472 U.S. at 455. Accordingly, there only need be "some evidence" supporting Thomas' CAB conviction. Henderson v. United States Parole Com'n, 13 F.3d 1073, 1077 (7th Cir. 1994). Thomas's claim that the CAB failed to judge the evidence by a preponderance is without merit and is DISMISSED.
As to the remaining claims, this court frankly believes that they may have merit. Perhaps most meritorious is the claim that the CAB failed to sufficiently explain their reasons for their findings of fact. Whitford v. Boglino, 63 F.3d 527, 534 (7th Cir. 1995). Thomas' CAB did not point to any first-hand witness of the event. If the CAB wished to keep the identify of their informants confidential, then pursuant to Wells v. Israel, 854 F.2d 995 (7th Cir. 1988) there are procedures to do that. Here, there is no citation to a confidential source, [**5] and even if there was, there is no "indicia" of the reliability of this source. Finally, this court is troubled by the fact that the CAB did not appear to have the exculpatory statements of the victim and Edward Smith, an alleged informant before it. Although the CAB is entitled to reject recanted statements, it must have the statement in evidence before it can reject the statement. Respondent's argument is that the foregoing concerns are irrelevant as Sandin disposes of the case.
However, the Attorney General's Sandin argument leaves a great deal to be desired. While some courts seem to think that Sandin completely purges due process from all disciplinary segregation proceedings n2, this court is not yet convinced that Sandin was meant to be so broad. In the past, a court looked to the language of a state statute or rule to determine if the state by regulation or statute limited the ability of the prisoner to be placed in segregation. If it did, then the prison had a liberty interest in avoiding the segregation and could not be placed in segregation absent due process. Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 74 L. Ed. 2d 675, 103 S. Ct. 864 (1983). Rather than abandoning [**6] the entire Hewitt analysis, it seems that Sandin merely refocused the examination to include another factor. Under Sandin, "one who suffers a short period of segregation, whether disciplinary or administrative, has not been deprived of a liberty interest unless he can show both that his confinement was contrary to a state law or regulation written in explicitly mandatory language and that it imposed an 'atypical and significant hardship'." Riggins v. Cooper, No. 95c1877, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12182, *12. Thus, to establish a liberty interest under Sandin, a state must 1.) proscribed by statute or regulation the segregation of the inmate "absent specified substantive predicates", Hewitt, 459 U.S. at 471 and 2.) the segregation must restrain the prisoner in such a manner that it "imposes an atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life". Sandin, 115 S. Ct. at 2301. A statute alone is insufficient, the segregation must be "atypical" and work a "significant hardship" on the prisoner in comparison to the "ordinary incidents" of prison life.
n2 Leslie v. Doyle, 896 F. Supp. 771, 774 (N.D. Ill 1995) (Under Sandin wrongful commitment to segregation is an inherent consequence, a sort of assumed risk of being in prison, therefore, there is no liberty interest in avoiding it.); Holly v. True, No.92c1636, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14235, (N.D. Ill. Sept. 29, 1995) (Sandin rejects a claim that a prisoner has any liberty interest in compliance with prison regulations).
[**7]
The Sandin court made no explicit finding on the nature of the Hawaiian statute, but such was not necessary as the court found that thirty days in disciplinary segregation was not "atypical" and did not work a "significant hardship" on inmate Conner in relation to the ordinary incidents of Conner's prison life. In reaching that conclusion, the Sandin court observed three factors. First, the court noted that the conditions in disciplinary segregation "mirrored those conditions upon inmates in administrative segregation and protective custody". Id. Second, the court commented on the duration of the confinement. [*583] "Conner's confinement did not exceed similar, but totally discretionary confinement in either duration or degree of restraint." Id. at 2301, n.7. (emphasis added). Finally, the Sandin court remarked that none of the State's action "will inevitably affect the duration of his sentence."
While any liberty interest discussion must consider the implications of the three factors identified above, the duration and conditions of segregation at the most relevant factors. If a court finds that the action of the state "will inevitably affect the duration of the [**8] sentence" itself, then it is highly likely that that finding alone is sufficient to create a liberty interest and thus require due process before its deprivation. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 557, 41 L. Ed. 2d 935, 94 S. Ct. 2963 (finding liberty interest in good time credits which affect the duration of a prisoner's sentence.) Nevertheless, segregation per se does not inevitably affect the duration of the prisoner's sentence. "The chance that a finding of misconduct will alter the balance [in considering parole] is simply to attenuated to invoke the procedural guarantees of the Due Process Clause." Sandin at 2302, (citing Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 229, n.8, 49 L. Ed. 2d 451, 96 S. Ct. 2532 (1976)). n3
n3 Cf. Justice Ginsburg's Sandin dissent. "[Disciplinary confinement] . . . rests on a finding of wrongdoing that can adversely affect an inmate's parole prospects. Disciplinary confinement therefore cannot be bracketed with administrative segregation and protective custody, both measures that carry no long-term consequences." Sandin, 115 S. Ct. at 2302.
[**9]
Furthermore, it seems implicit that the conditions and duration of the segregation are considered inversely. In Sandin, the length of confinement in disciplinary segregation was for a brief period of time, thirty days. Since Conner's confinement was relatively brief, the conditions of his segregation became less relevant. Similarly, if Conner's duration in segregation was lengthy, but under conditions very similar to the "ordinary incidents" of prison life, it stands to reason that the court would not have found a liberty interest at stake in that situation as well.
However, prior to comparing the conditions and duration of disciplinary segregation, a court must have something to compare them against. Whether something is "atypical" depends on what is "typical" in prison life. What are the "ordinary incidents" of prison life? The Sandin court compared Conner's disciplinary segregation to administrative and protective segregation but did not specify if the "ordinary incidents" of prison life also included conditions of the general prison population. Are the "ordinary incidents" based upon the objective expectations of a "reasonable inmate" newly arrived at the prison without [**10] a blemish on his prison record? The Court hinted that some objectivity is involved when it suggested that "discipline by prison officials . . . falls within the expected parameters of the sentence imposed by a court of law". Id. 115 S. Ct. 2301. Chief Judge Posner wrote that a prisoner can expect to be confined as closely as the state wants, including solitary confinement, since the prisoner "has no natural liberty to mingle with the general prison population." Smith, 946 F.2d at 1254. Objectively, this suggests that an ordinary incident of prison life is that a prisoner can expect to be thrown in disciplinary segregation for the rest of his sentence without any hope of due process. Does this expectation of disciplinary segregation trump a state statute or regulation proscribing segregation absent specified predicates? Judge Shadur in Leslie, supra n.2. seems to think it does and he may be right. n4
n4 Judge's Shadur's thorough and probing opinion also seems to suggest the Sandin court reasoned as follows. An inmate can reasonably expect to be thrown in protective or administrative custody at any time without due process. The conditions of protective and administrative segregation are fairly similar to the conditions of disciplinary segregation; therefore, no due process is required before placing an inmate in disciplinary segregation. Even if such analysis is correct, it seems that if the duration of disciplinary segregation is for a long period of time (which protective and administrative segregation tend not to be) there would be cause to invoke the due process clause.
[**11]
[*584] Or are the "ordinary incidents" dependent upon the subjective interpretations of each individual inmate or the institution as a whole? It is clear that Indiana prisons do not confine all of their prisoners in what amounts to the solitary confinement of disciplinary segregation. The vast number of the prisoners in Indiana are allowed to mingle with the general prison population. A subjective view of this situation would certainly lead one to believe that an ordinary incident of prison life is that one is allowed to mingle with the general prison population. Finally, are the "ordinary incidents" supposed to be reflective of the entire Department of Corrections, or do they differ from prison to prison? These and many more questions have yet to be answered by the courts.
Even assuming that the "ordinary incidents" are established, there may be a point where a very small difference between the conditions of confinement provides a peg sufficient to hang a liberty interest upon when the duration of the segregation is quite lengthy. In the past, a long period of segregation was sufficient to create a liberty interest from the due process clause itself regardless of the existence of state [**12] law or statute or of the conditions of confinement. See, e.g. Rowe v. DeBruyn, 17 F.3d 1047, 1053 (holding federal due process protections must be followed before a term of one year in segregation may be imposed because such a penalty falls outside the expected scope of an inmate's sentence). While the Court acknowledges that Rowe may have been overruled by Sandin, the court has not explicitly held so. Whitford, 63 F.3d at 533, ("The Sandin Court's observation that punishment for disciplinary violations is within the expected scope of a prison sentence calls Rowe's reasoning into question"). Here, if the predicate statute or regulation exists, segregation of three (3) years may not need much more in the way of differing conditions to create a liberty interest in avoiding the segregation.
It would be premature for this court to use Sandin to purge due process from the entire gamut of disciplinary segregation cases since the record is insufficiently developed. To be sure, Indiana prison officials are restrained by the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause of the Eighth Amendment as to the conditions of the segregation. Whether Thomas entitled to anything under [**13] the Constitution prior to being placed in segregation is a thorny question not yet ripe for answering. First, neither Respondent nor Thomas point to any rule or regulation that purports to create the supposed liberty interest. Second, there is no evidence as to the conditions of the various types of segregation or that of the general prison population. While the Respondent may be correct in that Sandin is dispositive, the record is simply insufficient at this point to have an incantatory assertion of Sandin and dismiss the case.
IV. CONCLUSION
There may not be a liberty interest in disciplinary segregation of six months of less, Whitford, 63 F.3d 527 at 532, but it seems open for debate as to whether segregation for three years presents the type of "atypical, significant deprivation in which a state might conceivably create a liberty interest." Respondent's Motion to Dismiss is hereby GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated this 13th day of November, 1995.
ALLEN SHARP, CHIEF JUDGE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
No. 3:95cv578AS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA, SOUTH BEND DIVISION
905 F. Supp. 580; 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17291
November 13, 1995, Dated
COUNSEL: [**1] For LEON R THOMAS, petitioner: Leon R Thomas [PRO SE], Westville, IN.
For HERB NEWKIRK, INDIANA ATTORNEY GENERAL, PAMELA CARTER, respondents: Robert D Bugher, Indiana Department of Correction, Indianapolis, IN.
JUDGES: ALLEN SHARP, CHIEF JUDGE, UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
OPINIONBY: ALLEN SHARP
OPINION:
[*581] MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
I. INTRODUCTION
Interests of life, liberty, and property are protected by Amendment XIV to the United States Constitution. A person may not be deprived of those interests without due process of law. U.S. Const. Amendment XIV. Petitioner Leon R. Thomas ("Thomas") is an inmate at the Indiana State Prison. On November 1, 1993 an offender by the name of Jones, # 852411 was stabbed by another inmate. Petitioner Thomas was accused of stabbing Jones. The Conduct Adjustment Board ("CAB"), No. ISP-93-12112 met on December 20, 1993 and found that Thomas stabbed Jones. Thomas was sentenced to three years disciplinary segregation. n1 Thomas exhausted his administrative appeal pursuant to Markham v. Clark, 978 F.2d 993 (7th Cir. 1992). Thomas then brought the present action under 28 U.S.C. ç 2254 alleging he has a liberty interest (ie. a constitutional right) [**2] to stay in the general prison population and that the CAB decision placing him in disciplinary segregation failed to comport with due process. Respondent replies there is no liberty interest in avoiding disciplinary segregation under Sandin v. Conner, 132 L. Ed. 2d 418, 115 S. Ct. 2293 (1995), and therefore the mandates of Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 41 L. Ed. 2d 935, 94 S. Ct. 2963 (1974) and its' progeny and progenitors are inapplicable.
n1 Chief Judge Posner indicated that "disciplinary segregation", "administrative" and "protective" segregation may be synonymous for purposes of due process analysis. Smith v. Shettle, 946 F.2d 1250, 1251. Because nothing on the record provides any means of distinguishing between the types of segregation, this court temporarily treats them as synonymous. In the interests of clarity and to assist the court in resolving the following issues, a detailed description of the conditions and purpose of each type of segregation should be provided to this court in a future brief.
II. ISSUE [**3]
Whether Thomas has a liberty interest in remaining out of disciplinary segregation? If so, whether the prison provided him sufficient due process prior to his placement in disciplinary segregation?
III. DISCUSSION
This court is unconvinced that the sole answer to the claims in this petition is simply an incantation of Sandin. Therefore, this court treats Respondent's Return to Order to Show Cause as a Motion to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Ignoring for the moment the Sandin argument presented by Respondent, this court finds no merit in some of the issues raised here. This court has no trouble dismissing the petition insofar as it raises the alleged right of Thomas to confront and cross-examine witnesses because the full-blown application of the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States clearly does not apply to CAB proceedings. Nor is this court convinced that there is any merit in Thomas' claim that he had insufficient time to prepare for his hearing. Therefore, those two claims are DISMISSED.
Thomas also argues that the CAB was required to find that a preponderance of the evidence supporting a finding [**4] of guilt. Thomas is wrong. Simply because Indiana chooses to require additional procedure "does [*582] not create an independent substantive right." Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238, 250-51, 75 L. Ed. 2d 813, 103 S. Ct. 1741 (1983). Whatever the requirements of state law, the Constitution requires only "some evidence." Superintendent v. Hill, 472 U.S. at 455. Accordingly, there only need be "some evidence" supporting Thomas' CAB conviction. Henderson v. United States Parole Com'n, 13 F.3d 1073, 1077 (7th Cir. 1994). Thomas's claim that the CAB failed to judge the evidence by a preponderance is without merit and is DISMISSED.
As to the remaining claims, this court frankly believes that they may have merit. Perhaps most meritorious is the claim that the CAB failed to sufficiently explain their reasons for their findings of fact. Whitford v. Boglino, 63 F.3d 527, 534 (7th Cir. 1995). Thomas' CAB did not point to any first-hand witness of the event. If the CAB wished to keep the identify of their informants confidential, then pursuant to Wells v. Israel, 854 F.2d 995 (7th Cir. 1988) there are procedures to do that. Here, there is no citation to a confidential source, [**5] and even if there was, there is no "indicia" of the reliability of this source. Finally, this court is troubled by the fact that the CAB did not appear to have the exculpatory statements of the victim and Edward Smith, an alleged informant before it. Although the CAB is entitled to reject recanted statements, it must have the statement in evidence before it can reject the statement. Respondent's argument is that the foregoing concerns are irrelevant as Sandin disposes of the case.
However, the Attorney General's Sandin argument leaves a great deal to be desired. While some courts seem to think that Sandin completely purges due process from all disciplinary segregation proceedings n2, this court is not yet convinced that Sandin was meant to be so broad. In the past, a court looked to the language of a state statute or rule to determine if the state by regulation or statute limited the ability of the prisoner to be placed in segregation. If it did, then the prison had a liberty interest in avoiding the segregation and could not be placed in segregation absent due process. Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 74 L. Ed. 2d 675, 103 S. Ct. 864 (1983). Rather than abandoning [**6] the entire Hewitt analysis, it seems that Sandin merely refocused the examination to include another factor. Under Sandin, "one who suffers a short period of segregation, whether disciplinary or administrative, has not been deprived of a liberty interest unless he can show both that his confinement was contrary to a state law or regulation written in explicitly mandatory language and that it imposed an 'atypical and significant hardship'." Riggins v. Cooper, No. 95c1877, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12182, *12. Thus, to establish a liberty interest under Sandin, a state must 1.) proscribed by statute or regulation the segregation of the inmate "absent specified substantive predicates", Hewitt, 459 U.S. at 471 and 2.) the segregation must restrain the prisoner in such a manner that it "imposes an atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life". Sandin, 115 S. Ct. at 2301. A statute alone is insufficient, the segregation must be "atypical" and work a "significant hardship" on the prisoner in comparison to the "ordinary incidents" of prison life.
n2 Leslie v. Doyle, 896 F. Supp. 771, 774 (N.D. Ill 1995) (Under Sandin wrongful commitment to segregation is an inherent consequence, a sort of assumed risk of being in prison, therefore, there is no liberty interest in avoiding it.); Holly v. True, No.92c1636, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14235, (N.D. Ill. Sept. 29, 1995) (Sandin rejects a claim that a prisoner has any liberty interest in compliance with prison regulations).
[**7]
The Sandin court made no explicit finding on the nature of the Hawaiian statute, but such was not necessary as the court found that thirty days in disciplinary segregation was not "atypical" and did not work a "significant hardship" on inmate Conner in relation to the ordinary incidents of Conner's prison life. In reaching that conclusion, the Sandin court observed three factors. First, the court noted that the conditions in disciplinary segregation "mirrored those conditions upon inmates in administrative segregation and protective custody". Id. Second, the court commented on the duration of the confinement. [*583] "Conner's confinement did not exceed similar, but totally discretionary confinement in either duration or degree of restraint." Id. at 2301, n.7. (emphasis added). Finally, the Sandin court remarked that none of the State's action "will inevitably affect the duration of his sentence."
While any liberty interest discussion must consider the implications of the three factors identified above, the duration and conditions of segregation at the most relevant factors. If a court finds that the action of the state "will inevitably affect the duration of the [**8] sentence" itself, then it is highly likely that that finding alone is sufficient to create a liberty interest and thus require due process before its deprivation. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 557, 41 L. Ed. 2d 935, 94 S. Ct. 2963 (finding liberty interest in good time credits which affect the duration of a prisoner's sentence.) Nevertheless, segregation per se does not inevitably affect the duration of the prisoner's sentence. "The chance that a finding of misconduct will alter the balance [in considering parole] is simply to attenuated to invoke the procedural guarantees of the Due Process Clause." Sandin at 2302, (citing Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 229, n.8, 49 L. Ed. 2d 451, 96 S. Ct. 2532 (1976)). n3
n3 Cf. Justice Ginsburg's Sandin dissent. "[Disciplinary confinement] . . . rests on a finding of wrongdoing that can adversely affect an inmate's parole prospects. Disciplinary confinement therefore cannot be bracketed with administrative segregation and protective custody, both measures that carry no long-term consequences." Sandin, 115 S. Ct. at 2302.
[**9]
Furthermore, it seems implicit that the conditions and duration of the segregation are considered inversely. In Sandin, the length of confinement in disciplinary segregation was for a brief period of time, thirty days. Since Conner's confinement was relatively brief, the conditions of his segregation became less relevant. Similarly, if Conner's duration in segregation was lengthy, but under conditions very similar to the "ordinary incidents" of prison life, it stands to reason that the court would not have found a liberty interest at stake in that situation as well.
However, prior to comparing the conditions and duration of disciplinary segregation, a court must have something to compare them against. Whether something is "atypical" depends on what is "typical" in prison life. What are the "ordinary incidents" of prison life? The Sandin court compared Conner's disciplinary segregation to administrative and protective segregation but did not specify if the "ordinary incidents" of prison life also included conditions of the general prison population. Are the "ordinary incidents" based upon the objective expectations of a "reasonable inmate" newly arrived at the prison without [**10] a blemish on his prison record? The Court hinted that some objectivity is involved when it suggested that "discipline by prison officials . . . falls within the expected parameters of the sentence imposed by a court of law". Id. 115 S. Ct. 2301. Chief Judge Posner wrote that a prisoner can expect to be confined as closely as the state wants, including solitary confinement, since the prisoner "has no natural liberty to mingle with the general prison population." Smith, 946 F.2d at 1254. Objectively, this suggests that an ordinary incident of prison life is that a prisoner can expect to be thrown in disciplinary segregation for the rest of his sentence without any hope of due process. Does this expectation of disciplinary segregation trump a state statute or regulation proscribing segregation absent specified predicates? Judge Shadur in Leslie, supra n.2. seems to think it does and he may be right. n4
n4 Judge's Shadur's thorough and probing opinion also seems to suggest the Sandin court reasoned as follows. An inmate can reasonably expect to be thrown in protective or administrative custody at any time without due process. The conditions of protective and administrative segregation are fairly similar to the conditions of disciplinary segregation; therefore, no due process is required before placing an inmate in disciplinary segregation. Even if such analysis is correct, it seems that if the duration of disciplinary segregation is for a long period of time (which protective and administrative segregation tend not to be) there would be cause to invoke the due process clause.
[**11]
[*584] Or are the "ordinary incidents" dependent upon the subjective interpretations of each individual inmate or the institution as a whole? It is clear that Indiana prisons do not confine all of their prisoners in what amounts to the solitary confinement of disciplinary segregation. The vast number of the prisoners in Indiana are allowed to mingle with the general prison population. A subjective view of this situation would certainly lead one to believe that an ordinary incident of prison life is that one is allowed to mingle with the general prison population. Finally, are the "ordinary incidents" supposed to be reflective of the entire Department of Corrections, or do they differ from prison to prison? These and many more questions have yet to be answered by the courts.
Even assuming that the "ordinary incidents" are established, there may be a point where a very small difference between the conditions of confinement provides a peg sufficient to hang a liberty interest upon when the duration of the segregation is quite lengthy. In the past, a long period of segregation was sufficient to create a liberty interest from the due process clause itself regardless of the existence of state [**12] law or statute or of the conditions of confinement. See, e.g. Rowe v. DeBruyn, 17 F.3d 1047, 1053 (holding federal due process protections must be followed before a term of one year in segregation may be imposed because such a penalty falls outside the expected scope of an inmate's sentence). While the Court acknowledges that Rowe may have been overruled by Sandin, the court has not explicitly held so. Whitford, 63 F.3d at 533, ("The Sandin Court's observation that punishment for disciplinary violations is within the expected scope of a prison sentence calls Rowe's reasoning into question"). Here, if the predicate statute or regulation exists, segregation of three (3) years may not need much more in the way of differing conditions to create a liberty interest in avoiding the segregation.
It would be premature for this court to use Sandin to purge due process from the entire gamut of disciplinary segregation cases since the record is insufficiently developed. To be sure, Indiana prison officials are restrained by the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause of the Eighth Amendment as to the conditions of the segregation. Whether Thomas entitled to anything under [**13] the Constitution prior to being placed in segregation is a thorny question not yet ripe for answering. First, neither Respondent nor Thomas point to any rule or regulation that purports to create the supposed liberty interest. Second, there is no evidence as to the conditions of the various types of segregation or that of the general prison population. While the Respondent may be correct in that Sandin is dispositive, the record is simply insufficient at this point to have an incantatory assertion of Sandin and dismiss the case.
IV. CONCLUSION
There may not be a liberty interest in disciplinary segregation of six months of less, Whitford, 63 F.3d 527 at 532, but it seems open for debate as to whether segregation for three years presents the type of "atypical, significant deprivation in which a state might conceivably create a liberty interest." Respondent's Motion to Dismiss is hereby GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated this 13th day of November, 1995.
ALLEN SHARP, CHIEF JUDGE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT