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Broken Chain of Custody not Basis for Habeas Corpus Relief
The U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals held that issuing inconsistent
conduct reports and breaking the chain of custody of seized contraband
cannot be the basis for federal habeas corpus relief.
Rodney Wood, a prisoner at Indiana's Wabash Valley Correctional Facility
(WVCF), was infracted by the Conduct Adjustment Board (CAB) of possession
of intoxicants after wine was discovered in his cell by a corrections
officer. Wood was given a five-day advance notice of his hearing. At the
hearing, Wood presented witness statements from two prisoners. Wood claimed
that he requested, and was denied, a continuance on the hearing. CAB's
records do not show a continuance request. Wood also was denied a request
to contact the internal affairs investigator, which he made the day of the
hearing.
Wood appealed his CAB conviction, for which he lost 90 days earned
good-time credit. He argued that Sgt. Shouse, the officer who discovered
the wine, wrote inconsistent conduct reports on Wood and his cellmate; that
the chain of custody of the wine was broken in violation of prison
regulations; that his due process rights were violated when he was denied a
hearing continuance; and that his due process rights were violated when he
was not allowed to contact the institutional investigator. After
unsuccessfully exhausting his administrative remedies, Wood petitioned for
federal habeas corpus relief, 28 U.S.C. §2254. The district court denied
the petition and Wood appealed.
WVCF Superintendent Hanks urged the appeals court to reconsider the Seventh
Circuit's decision in Walker v. O'Brien, 216 F.3d 626 (7th Cir. 2000) (see:
PLN, September 2001, page 24), which held that habeas corpus appeals from a
disciplinary hearing do not need certificates of appealability. Hanks cited
Moffat v. Broyles, 288 F.3d 978 (7th Cir. 2002), questioning Walker. Hanks
also noted that none of five sister circuits ruling on the same question as
presented in Walker had reached Walker's conclusion. The appeals court
declined to reconsider Walker.
The Court of Appeals held that breaking the chain of custody, although
violative of prison regulations, cannot be the basis for habeas corpus
relief. Further, writing inconsistent conduct reports, though also
violating prison regulations, does not state a constitutional claim for relief.
The appellate court held also that Wood suffered no due process violation.
He was given a five-day notice of his hearing, which was sufficient time to
prepare. Denial of a continuance violated no constitutional right. Further,
Wood's request to contact the institutional investigator about the broken
chain of custody, made the day of the hearing, was untimely. Denial of that
request also did not violate due process.
The district court's decision was affirmed. This case is published in the
Federal Appendix and is subject to rules governing unpublished cases. See:
Wood v. Hanks, 49 Fed.Appx. 638 (7th Cir. 2002).
conduct reports and breaking the chain of custody of seized contraband
cannot be the basis for federal habeas corpus relief.
Rodney Wood, a prisoner at Indiana's Wabash Valley Correctional Facility
(WVCF), was infracted by the Conduct Adjustment Board (CAB) of possession
of intoxicants after wine was discovered in his cell by a corrections
officer. Wood was given a five-day advance notice of his hearing. At the
hearing, Wood presented witness statements from two prisoners. Wood claimed
that he requested, and was denied, a continuance on the hearing. CAB's
records do not show a continuance request. Wood also was denied a request
to contact the internal affairs investigator, which he made the day of the
hearing.
Wood appealed his CAB conviction, for which he lost 90 days earned
good-time credit. He argued that Sgt. Shouse, the officer who discovered
the wine, wrote inconsistent conduct reports on Wood and his cellmate; that
the chain of custody of the wine was broken in violation of prison
regulations; that his due process rights were violated when he was denied a
hearing continuance; and that his due process rights were violated when he
was not allowed to contact the institutional investigator. After
unsuccessfully exhausting his administrative remedies, Wood petitioned for
federal habeas corpus relief, 28 U.S.C. §2254. The district court denied
the petition and Wood appealed.
WVCF Superintendent Hanks urged the appeals court to reconsider the Seventh
Circuit's decision in Walker v. O'Brien, 216 F.3d 626 (7th Cir. 2000) (see:
PLN, September 2001, page 24), which held that habeas corpus appeals from a
disciplinary hearing do not need certificates of appealability. Hanks cited
Moffat v. Broyles, 288 F.3d 978 (7th Cir. 2002), questioning Walker. Hanks
also noted that none of five sister circuits ruling on the same question as
presented in Walker had reached Walker's conclusion. The appeals court
declined to reconsider Walker.
The Court of Appeals held that breaking the chain of custody, although
violative of prison regulations, cannot be the basis for habeas corpus
relief. Further, writing inconsistent conduct reports, though also
violating prison regulations, does not state a constitutional claim for relief.
The appellate court held also that Wood suffered no due process violation.
He was given a five-day notice of his hearing, which was sufficient time to
prepare. Denial of a continuance violated no constitutional right. Further,
Wood's request to contact the institutional investigator about the broken
chain of custody, made the day of the hearing, was untimely. Denial of that
request also did not violate due process.
The district court's decision was affirmed. This case is published in the
Federal Appendix and is subject to rules governing unpublished cases. See:
Wood v. Hanks, 49 Fed.Appx. 638 (7th Cir. 2002).
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Related legal case
Wood v. Hanks
| Year | 2002 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 49 Fed.Appx. 638 (7th Cir. 2002). |
| Level | Court of Appeals |
| Attorney Fees | 0 |
| Damages | 0 |
| Injunction Status | N/A |
RODNEY WOOD, Petitioner-Appellant, v. CRAIG A. HANKS, Superintendent, Respondent-Appellee.
No. 01-4069
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT
49 Fed. Appx. 638; 2002 U.S. App.
October 23, 2002 *, Submitted
* After an examination of the briefs and the record, we have concluded that oral argument is unnecessary. Thus, the appeal is submitted on the briefs and the record. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
October 24, 2002, Decided
NOTICE: [**1] RULES OF THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS MAY LIMIT CITATION TO UNPUBLISHED OPINIONS. PLEASE REFER TO THE RULES OF THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THIS CIRCUIT.
PRIOR HISTORY: Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana, Terre Haute Division. No. TH-01-131-C-T/ F. John D. Tinder, Judge.
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED.
COUNSEL: RODNEY WOOD, Petitioner-Appellant, Pro se, Carlisle, IN.
For CRAIG A. HANKS, Respondent-Appellee: Frances Barrow, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Indianapolis, IN USA.
JUDGES: Before Hon. THOMAS E. FAIRCHILD, Circuit Judge, Hon. TERENCE T. EVANS, Circuit Judge, Hon. ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge.
OPINION:
[*639] ORDER
Correctional officers found homemade wine in Rodney Wood's prison cell. The prison's disciplinary board found Wood guilty of possessing intoxicants and took away 90 days of earned good-time credit. After exhausting his administrative appeals, Wood petitioned the district court for a writ of habeas corpus, alleging that he was denied due process at his prison disciplinary hearing. Specifically, Wood alleged that contrary to prison regulations, an officer issued inconsistent conduct reports to himself and his cellmate and broke the chain [**2] of custody in testing the wine. Additionally, Wood alleged that the disciplinary board denied his requests for a continuance and to present witness testimony. The district court denied Wood's petition and we affirm.
On August 28, 2000, while searching Wood's cell at the Wabash Valley Correctional Facility in Indiana, Sergeant A. Shouse found homemade wine in a wrapped trash can in Wood's property box. Shouse issued conduct reports for both Wood and his cellmate for possession of intoxicants. Shouse's conduct report for Wood noted that "Wood did ask me if he could dump his wine out in the toilet. I advised him I could not." Shouse confiscated the trash can to have the liquid tested for alcohol content. In his witness statement Shouse stated that he or other officers supervised the trash can at all times until he dropped it off for testing. Sergeant R. Marshall tested the liquid later that day and found that it did contain alcohol.
On August 30, during a preliminary screening, prison officials notified Wood that a disciplinary hearing had been set for September 5. At this screening Wood pleaded not guilty and requested witness statements from one correctional officer and four prisoners. [**3] Wood stated that he would get the prisoner statements himself.
At the hearing, Wood presented witness statements from two prisoners. Although the hearing report notes that Wood did not [*640] request a continuance, Wood maintains that the board denied his request for both a continuance and the opportunity to contact internal affairs investigators about the wine's chain of custody. Relying on the statements of various correctional officers, the disciplinary board found Wood guilty. Wood unsuccessfully appealed the decision to the prison superintendent and the final reviewing authority of the Indiana Department of Corrections. Having exhausted his administrative remedies, see Webb v. Anderson, 224 F.3d 649, 651 (7th Cir. 2000), Wood brought this action under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. **
** Superintendent Hanks argues that we should reconsider our holding in Walker v. O'Brien, 216 F.3d 626 (7th Cir. 2000). Walker held that a prisoner does not need a certificate of appealability to appeal a disciplinary board decision because such a decision "does not arise from process issued by a state court." Id. at 638. Hanks raises no novel arguments for overturning Walker, but relies on our recent decision in Moffat v. Broyles, 288 F.3d 978 (7th Cir. 2002), which calls our holding in Walker into question. Moffat notes that five of our sister circuits have now decided the issue, and none have adopted Walker's holding. Although we respect the different conclusions that our sister circuits reached, we decline to reconsider our position in Walker.
[**4]
Indiana prisoners have a liberty interest in good-time credits and are therefore entitled to due process before the state takes those credits away. Webb, 224 F.3d at 651-52. Due process entails: (1) advance written notice of the charges; (2) an opportunity, when consistent with institutional safety and correctional goals, to call witnesses and present evidence; and (3) a written statement by the fact finder of the evidence relied upon and the reasons for the decision. Superintendent, Mass. Corr. Inst. v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445, 455, 86 L. Ed. 2d 356, 105 S. Ct. 2768 (1985). Additionally, "some evidence" must support the disciplinary decision. Id.
Wood first argues that Sgt. Shouse violated prison regulations by issuing inconsistent conduct reports for himself and his cellmate and by breaking the chain of custody for the seized wine. Unless they implicate the due process requirements from Hill, id., however, breaches of prison policy are strictly matters of state law and cannot be the basis of habeas corpus relief under § 2254. See Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68, 116 L. Ed. 2d 385, 112 S. Ct. 475 (1991); Piggie v. Hanks, 98 F. Supp. 2d 1003, 1008 (N.D. Ind. 2000). [**5] Because the violations that Wood alleges do not implicate his right to notice, to call witnesses, or to an explanation for the decision, Wood does not have a viable constitutional claim in this regard.
Wood also challenges the disciplinary board's denial of his requests for a continuance and to present additional witness testimony. Due process requires that prison officials give an inmate written notice of a disciplinary hearing at least twenty-four hours in advance so that they can plan their defense. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 564, 41 L. Ed. 2d 935, 94 S. Ct. 2963, 71 Ohio Op. 2d 336 (1974). Here, prison officials gave Wood more than five days notice of the hearing. Thus, even if Wood did request a continuance, denying his request did not violate due process. Sweeney v. Parke, 113 F.3d 716, 719 (7th Cir. 1997), overruled on other grounds by White v. Indiana Parole Bd., 266 F.3d 759 (7th Cir. 2001).
As for Wood's request to contact internal affairs investigators, while inmates have a constitutional right to call witnesses at disciplinary hearings, that right is limited. Sweeney, 113 F.3d at 720. Requests that prisoners make [**6] the day of the hearing are not timely. Id. At his screening, Wood indicated that he wanted [*641] to call one correctional officer and four other prisoners at the hearing. Wood also indicated that he would get the prisoner statements himself. At the hearing, Wood presented two prisoner statements. Additionally, prison officials provided a statement from the correctional officer that Wood had requested at his screening. Wood waited until the hearing to request that the board contact internal affairs investigators as witnesses in the case. Since this request was not timely, the board did not violate due process by denying it. Id.
Moreover, Wood does not have a viable due process claim because the testimony that he wished to present would have been irrelevant, and prison disciplinary boards need not permit irrelevant testimony, see Miller v. Duckworth, 963 F.2d 1002, 1004-05 (7th Cir. 1992). Wood claims that a continuance or testimony from the internal affairs investigators would have helped him to establish that officers had broken the chain of custody for the seized wine. Even if Wood had been able to present some testimony to this effect, it would have been irrelevant [**7] because this is not the type of case in which an unbroken chain of custody is critical to the board's decision. Given that Sgt. Shouse reportedly discovered liquid that smelled like wine and promptly denied Wood's request to dump out "his" wine, the board would have had evidence that Wood possessed wine even if the seized liquid had never been tested at all. Thus, the circumstances of this case stand in contrast to those cases in which chemical testing, as opposed to first-hand observation, is critical to the board's decision. See, e.g., Meeks v. McBride, 81 F.3d 717 (7th Cir. 1996) (urine testing for drugs).
Furthermore, Wood has never come forward with anything more than speculation that someone tampered with the seized liquid. A hypothetical possibility of tampering does not render evidence, such as alcohol content tests, inadmissible, but goes instead to the weight of the evidence. United States v. Brown, 136 F.3d 1176, 1181 (7th Cir. 1998). Since the board already had "some evidence" that Wood was guilty--namely, Shouse's conduct report--any doubt that Wood could have cast upon the wine's chain of custody would not have made a difference. [**8] See McPherson v. McBride, 188 F.3d 784, 786 (7th Cir. 1999) (a conduct report alone can provide "some evidence" for a disciplinary decision). Thus, the board's denials did not prejudice Wood in any meaningful way.
AFFIRMED.
No. 01-4069
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT
49 Fed. Appx. 638; 2002 U.S. App.
October 23, 2002 *, Submitted
* After an examination of the briefs and the record, we have concluded that oral argument is unnecessary. Thus, the appeal is submitted on the briefs and the record. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
October 24, 2002, Decided
NOTICE: [**1] RULES OF THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS MAY LIMIT CITATION TO UNPUBLISHED OPINIONS. PLEASE REFER TO THE RULES OF THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THIS CIRCUIT.
PRIOR HISTORY: Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana, Terre Haute Division. No. TH-01-131-C-T/ F. John D. Tinder, Judge.
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED.
COUNSEL: RODNEY WOOD, Petitioner-Appellant, Pro se, Carlisle, IN.
For CRAIG A. HANKS, Respondent-Appellee: Frances Barrow, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Indianapolis, IN USA.
JUDGES: Before Hon. THOMAS E. FAIRCHILD, Circuit Judge, Hon. TERENCE T. EVANS, Circuit Judge, Hon. ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge.
OPINION:
[*639] ORDER
Correctional officers found homemade wine in Rodney Wood's prison cell. The prison's disciplinary board found Wood guilty of possessing intoxicants and took away 90 days of earned good-time credit. After exhausting his administrative appeals, Wood petitioned the district court for a writ of habeas corpus, alleging that he was denied due process at his prison disciplinary hearing. Specifically, Wood alleged that contrary to prison regulations, an officer issued inconsistent conduct reports to himself and his cellmate and broke the chain [**2] of custody in testing the wine. Additionally, Wood alleged that the disciplinary board denied his requests for a continuance and to present witness testimony. The district court denied Wood's petition and we affirm.
On August 28, 2000, while searching Wood's cell at the Wabash Valley Correctional Facility in Indiana, Sergeant A. Shouse found homemade wine in a wrapped trash can in Wood's property box. Shouse issued conduct reports for both Wood and his cellmate for possession of intoxicants. Shouse's conduct report for Wood noted that "Wood did ask me if he could dump his wine out in the toilet. I advised him I could not." Shouse confiscated the trash can to have the liquid tested for alcohol content. In his witness statement Shouse stated that he or other officers supervised the trash can at all times until he dropped it off for testing. Sergeant R. Marshall tested the liquid later that day and found that it did contain alcohol.
On August 30, during a preliminary screening, prison officials notified Wood that a disciplinary hearing had been set for September 5. At this screening Wood pleaded not guilty and requested witness statements from one correctional officer and four prisoners. [**3] Wood stated that he would get the prisoner statements himself.
At the hearing, Wood presented witness statements from two prisoners. Although the hearing report notes that Wood did not [*640] request a continuance, Wood maintains that the board denied his request for both a continuance and the opportunity to contact internal affairs investigators about the wine's chain of custody. Relying on the statements of various correctional officers, the disciplinary board found Wood guilty. Wood unsuccessfully appealed the decision to the prison superintendent and the final reviewing authority of the Indiana Department of Corrections. Having exhausted his administrative remedies, see Webb v. Anderson, 224 F.3d 649, 651 (7th Cir. 2000), Wood brought this action under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. **
** Superintendent Hanks argues that we should reconsider our holding in Walker v. O'Brien, 216 F.3d 626 (7th Cir. 2000). Walker held that a prisoner does not need a certificate of appealability to appeal a disciplinary board decision because such a decision "does not arise from process issued by a state court." Id. at 638. Hanks raises no novel arguments for overturning Walker, but relies on our recent decision in Moffat v. Broyles, 288 F.3d 978 (7th Cir. 2002), which calls our holding in Walker into question. Moffat notes that five of our sister circuits have now decided the issue, and none have adopted Walker's holding. Although we respect the different conclusions that our sister circuits reached, we decline to reconsider our position in Walker.
[**4]
Indiana prisoners have a liberty interest in good-time credits and are therefore entitled to due process before the state takes those credits away. Webb, 224 F.3d at 651-52. Due process entails: (1) advance written notice of the charges; (2) an opportunity, when consistent with institutional safety and correctional goals, to call witnesses and present evidence; and (3) a written statement by the fact finder of the evidence relied upon and the reasons for the decision. Superintendent, Mass. Corr. Inst. v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445, 455, 86 L. Ed. 2d 356, 105 S. Ct. 2768 (1985). Additionally, "some evidence" must support the disciplinary decision. Id.
Wood first argues that Sgt. Shouse violated prison regulations by issuing inconsistent conduct reports for himself and his cellmate and by breaking the chain of custody for the seized wine. Unless they implicate the due process requirements from Hill, id., however, breaches of prison policy are strictly matters of state law and cannot be the basis of habeas corpus relief under § 2254. See Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68, 116 L. Ed. 2d 385, 112 S. Ct. 475 (1991); Piggie v. Hanks, 98 F. Supp. 2d 1003, 1008 (N.D. Ind. 2000). [**5] Because the violations that Wood alleges do not implicate his right to notice, to call witnesses, or to an explanation for the decision, Wood does not have a viable constitutional claim in this regard.
Wood also challenges the disciplinary board's denial of his requests for a continuance and to present additional witness testimony. Due process requires that prison officials give an inmate written notice of a disciplinary hearing at least twenty-four hours in advance so that they can plan their defense. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 564, 41 L. Ed. 2d 935, 94 S. Ct. 2963, 71 Ohio Op. 2d 336 (1974). Here, prison officials gave Wood more than five days notice of the hearing. Thus, even if Wood did request a continuance, denying his request did not violate due process. Sweeney v. Parke, 113 F.3d 716, 719 (7th Cir. 1997), overruled on other grounds by White v. Indiana Parole Bd., 266 F.3d 759 (7th Cir. 2001).
As for Wood's request to contact internal affairs investigators, while inmates have a constitutional right to call witnesses at disciplinary hearings, that right is limited. Sweeney, 113 F.3d at 720. Requests that prisoners make [**6] the day of the hearing are not timely. Id. At his screening, Wood indicated that he wanted [*641] to call one correctional officer and four other prisoners at the hearing. Wood also indicated that he would get the prisoner statements himself. At the hearing, Wood presented two prisoner statements. Additionally, prison officials provided a statement from the correctional officer that Wood had requested at his screening. Wood waited until the hearing to request that the board contact internal affairs investigators as witnesses in the case. Since this request was not timely, the board did not violate due process by denying it. Id.
Moreover, Wood does not have a viable due process claim because the testimony that he wished to present would have been irrelevant, and prison disciplinary boards need not permit irrelevant testimony, see Miller v. Duckworth, 963 F.2d 1002, 1004-05 (7th Cir. 1992). Wood claims that a continuance or testimony from the internal affairs investigators would have helped him to establish that officers had broken the chain of custody for the seized wine. Even if Wood had been able to present some testimony to this effect, it would have been irrelevant [**7] because this is not the type of case in which an unbroken chain of custody is critical to the board's decision. Given that Sgt. Shouse reportedly discovered liquid that smelled like wine and promptly denied Wood's request to dump out "his" wine, the board would have had evidence that Wood possessed wine even if the seized liquid had never been tested at all. Thus, the circumstances of this case stand in contrast to those cases in which chemical testing, as opposed to first-hand observation, is critical to the board's decision. See, e.g., Meeks v. McBride, 81 F.3d 717 (7th Cir. 1996) (urine testing for drugs).
Furthermore, Wood has never come forward with anything more than speculation that someone tampered with the seized liquid. A hypothetical possibility of tampering does not render evidence, such as alcohol content tests, inadmissible, but goes instead to the weight of the evidence. United States v. Brown, 136 F.3d 1176, 1181 (7th Cir. 1998). Since the board already had "some evidence" that Wood was guilty--namely, Shouse's conduct report--any doubt that Wood could have cast upon the wine's chain of custody would not have made a difference. [**8] See McPherson v. McBride, 188 F.3d 784, 786 (7th Cir. 1999) (a conduct report alone can provide "some evidence" for a disciplinary decision). Thus, the board's denials did not prejudice Wood in any meaningful way.
AFFIRMED.