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Dismissal of Jail Overcrowding Suit Affirmed on Appeal
Affirming the U.S. District Court of Oklahoma's decision, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals held that a prisoner's complaint that jail overcrowding caused his injuries was properly dismissed.
Lavoy L. Stevenson was a prisoner at the Oklahoma County Detention Center (OCDC). He was placed on a top bunk. He later fell from the bunk accidentally, striking his head and causing serious injury to himself. Stevenson sued Oklahoma County Sheriff John Whetsel and the Board of Oklahoma County Commissioners under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that jail overcrowding -- there were three men in a cell designed for two when Stevenson fell and injured himself -- caused his injury. The district court dismissed the complaint against Whetsel in his personal and official capacities under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), and against the Board under 28 U.S.C. §1915(e)(2)(B)(ii), for failure to state a claim. Stevenson appealed.
Citing Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 348-349 (1981), a prison case involving double celling, the appeals court held that overcrowding was not "'sufficiently serious' to establish a constitutional violation." The court noted that Stevenson might have been able to establish a violation had he provided more "factual support" for his claims. But he did not allege facts sufficient to support his claim and the claim was properly dismissed. Likewise, Stevenson failed to allege sufficient facts showing that either Sheriff Whetsel or the Board was deliberately indifferent to Stevenson's safety by putting three prisoners in a two-person cell, nor "that some official policy or custom" caused the alleged constitutional violation.
The district court's dismissal was affirmed. This case is published in the Federal Appendix and is subject to rules governing unpublished cases. See: Stevenson v. Whetsel, 52 Fed.Appx. 444 (10th Cir. 2002).
Lavoy L. Stevenson was a prisoner at the Oklahoma County Detention Center (OCDC). He was placed on a top bunk. He later fell from the bunk accidentally, striking his head and causing serious injury to himself. Stevenson sued Oklahoma County Sheriff John Whetsel and the Board of Oklahoma County Commissioners under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that jail overcrowding -- there were three men in a cell designed for two when Stevenson fell and injured himself -- caused his injury. The district court dismissed the complaint against Whetsel in his personal and official capacities under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), and against the Board under 28 U.S.C. §1915(e)(2)(B)(ii), for failure to state a claim. Stevenson appealed.
Citing Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 348-349 (1981), a prison case involving double celling, the appeals court held that overcrowding was not "'sufficiently serious' to establish a constitutional violation." The court noted that Stevenson might have been able to establish a violation had he provided more "factual support" for his claims. But he did not allege facts sufficient to support his claim and the claim was properly dismissed. Likewise, Stevenson failed to allege sufficient facts showing that either Sheriff Whetsel or the Board was deliberately indifferent to Stevenson's safety by putting three prisoners in a two-person cell, nor "that some official policy or custom" caused the alleged constitutional violation.
The district court's dismissal was affirmed. This case is published in the Federal Appendix and is subject to rules governing unpublished cases. See: Stevenson v. Whetsel, 52 Fed.Appx. 444 (10th Cir. 2002).
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Related legal case
Stevenson v. Whetsel
| Year | 2002 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 52 Fed.Appx. 444 (10th Cir. 2002). |
| Level | Court of Appeals |
| Attorney Fees | 0 |
| Damages | 0 |
| Injunction Status | N/A |
[U] Stevenson v. Whetsel, 52 Fed.Appx. 444 (10th Cir. 12/03/2002)
[1] UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS TENTH CIRCUIT
[2] No. 02-6191
[3] 52 Fed.Appx. 444, 2002
[4] December 3, 2002
[5] LAVOY L. STEVENSON, PLAINTIFF - APPELLANT,
v.
JOHN WHETSEL, SHERIFF; OKLAHOMA COUNTY COMMISSIONER, DEFENDANTS - APPELLEES.
[6] D. C. No. 01-CV-1440-A (W. D. Oklahoma)
[7] Before Ebel, Lucero and O'brien, Circuit Judges.
[8] The opinion of the court was delivered by: Carlos F. Lucero, Circuit Judge.
[9] ORDER AND JUDGMENT*fn1
[10] Lavoy L. Stevenson filed this pro se action under 42 U. S. C. § 1983 against Sheriff John Whetsel and the Board of County Commissioners of Oklahoma County (the "Board") seeking damages for injuries allegedly sustained due to prison overcrowding while he was a pre-trial detainee. The district court dismissed the complaint against Whetsel in his personal and official capacity pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) and against the Board pursuant to 28 U. S. C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). Stevenson appeals. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U. S. C. § 1291. Because we agree that Stevenson failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, we affirm.
[11] I.
[12] While housed at the Oklahoma County Detention Center, Stevenson fell off the top bunk in his cell in the course of attempting to descend without landing on an inmate sleeping on the floor below. He hit his head on the bottom bunk, causing an injury requiring stitches and staples. Stevenson alleges that the cramped conditions in his cell--housing three inmates in a cell designed for two--caused his injury. Convinced that the injuries he allegedly sustained due to prison overcrowding amounted to a violation of his federal constitutional rights, Stevenson filed a claim under 42 U. S. C. § 1983 seeking damages from Sheriff Whetsel and the Board. Whetsel moved to dismiss Stevenson's complaint, asserting a lack of personal participation and entitlement to qualified immunity.*fn2
[13] After reviewing the magistrate's recommendation de novo, the district court granted Whetsel's 12(b)(6) motion and dismissed the complaint against the Board pursuant to 28 U. S. C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). *fn3 We review a dismissal for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo. Kidd v. Taos Ski Valley, Inc., 88 F.3d 848, 854 (10th Cir. 1996). Because the language of § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) parallels that of Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), we also review de novo the district court's dismissal of the complaint against the Board.
[14] II.
[15] While the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees pre-trial detainees humane conditions of confinement, "the Eighth Amendment standard provides the benchmark for such claims." Craig v. Eberly, 164 F.3d 490, 495 (10th Cir. 1998). Under Craig, in order to hold a jailer personally liable for an alleged constitutional violation, a plaintiff must satisfy two requirements: (1) an objective element, requiring that "the alleged deprivation be sufficiently serious" and (2) a subjective element, which "requires the jail official to have a sufficiently culpable state of mind." Id. (quotation omitted). In the prison context, a sufficiently culpable state of mind "is one of deliberate indifference to inmate health and safety." Id. (quotation omitted).
[16] Regarding the objective prong, overcrowding alone is not "sufficiently serious" to establish a constitutional violation. See Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U. S. 337, 348-49 (1981) (finding that housing two inmates in a cell designed for one does not, without more, violate the Eighth Amendment). "[T]he Constitution does not mandate comfortable prisons. . . ." Id. at 349. "[O]nly those deprivations denying the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities . . . are sufficiently grave to form the basis of an Eighth Amendment violation." Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U. S. 294, 298 (1991) (quotation omitted). Stevenson has not demonstrated that placing three inmates in a cell designed for two denied him the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities. He has not alleged that the situation led to "deprivations of essential food, medical care, or sanitation." Rhodes, 452 U. S. at 348. Nor has he alleged facts allowing an inference that conditions rose to the level of "conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm." Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U. S. 825, 834 (1994). Rather, Stevenson's complaint alleges only a discrete incident and what was possibly a temporary state of affairs. "To the extent that such conditions are restrictive and even harsh, they are part of the penalty that criminal offenders pay for their offenses against society." Rhodes, 452 U. S. at 347. In sum, without more factual support, we are unable to say that placing three prisoners in a cell designed for two, of itself, rises to the level of an Eighth Amendment violation.
[17] Regarding the second element, the subjective prong, Stevenson's complaint is also deficient, for Stevenson has failed to state a claim of deliberate indifference by Whetsel. There is nothing in the record to suggest that prison officials were aware that placing three prisoners in a cell designed for two created excessive risks to inmate safety but nevertheless disregarded the possible risks. Farmer, 511 U. S. at 837. Having failed to allege facts to support the necessary objective and subjective elements, Stevenson has failed to state a claim of a constitutional violation.
[18] Claims against Whetsel in his official capacity or against the Board are the equivalent of an action against the county itself. See Lopez v. LeMaster, 172 F.3d 756, 762 (10th Cir. 1999). To create liability under § 1983, Stevenson would have to establish: (1) that a constitutional violation occurred and (2) that some official policy or custom was the moving force behind the violation. City of Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, 471 U. S. 808, 820 (1984). Because Stevenson has failed to state a claim of a constitutional violation, there can be no liability against Whetsel in his official capacity or against the Board. However, even if Stevenson had alleged facts to support a claim of a constitutional violation, he has not alleged any facts to support a claim that his injuries resulted from an unconstitutional policy or custom. Watson v. City of Kansas City, 857 F.2d 690, 695 (10th Cir. 1988). Thus, Stevenson's claim against Whetsel in his official capacity and against the Board fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
[19] III.
[20] Measured by these standards, none of the alleged facts suggest the occurrence of a constitution violation. Thus, Stevenson has failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. We conclude that the district court properly dismissed Stevenson's complaint pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) and 28 U. S. C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). The order of the district court is AFFIRMED. Stevenson's motion to proceed without prepayment of fees is GRANTED. Stevenson is reminded that he must make partial payments until the filing fee is paid in full. The mandate shall issue forthwith.
[1] UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS TENTH CIRCUIT
[2] No. 02-6191
[3] 52 Fed.Appx. 444, 2002
[4] December 3, 2002
[5] LAVOY L. STEVENSON, PLAINTIFF - APPELLANT,
v.
JOHN WHETSEL, SHERIFF; OKLAHOMA COUNTY COMMISSIONER, DEFENDANTS - APPELLEES.
[6] D. C. No. 01-CV-1440-A (W. D. Oklahoma)
[7] Before Ebel, Lucero and O'brien, Circuit Judges.
[8] The opinion of the court was delivered by: Carlos F. Lucero, Circuit Judge.
[9] ORDER AND JUDGMENT*fn1
[10] Lavoy L. Stevenson filed this pro se action under 42 U. S. C. § 1983 against Sheriff John Whetsel and the Board of County Commissioners of Oklahoma County (the "Board") seeking damages for injuries allegedly sustained due to prison overcrowding while he was a pre-trial detainee. The district court dismissed the complaint against Whetsel in his personal and official capacity pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) and against the Board pursuant to 28 U. S. C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). Stevenson appeals. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U. S. C. § 1291. Because we agree that Stevenson failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, we affirm.
[11] I.
[12] While housed at the Oklahoma County Detention Center, Stevenson fell off the top bunk in his cell in the course of attempting to descend without landing on an inmate sleeping on the floor below. He hit his head on the bottom bunk, causing an injury requiring stitches and staples. Stevenson alleges that the cramped conditions in his cell--housing three inmates in a cell designed for two--caused his injury. Convinced that the injuries he allegedly sustained due to prison overcrowding amounted to a violation of his federal constitutional rights, Stevenson filed a claim under 42 U. S. C. § 1983 seeking damages from Sheriff Whetsel and the Board. Whetsel moved to dismiss Stevenson's complaint, asserting a lack of personal participation and entitlement to qualified immunity.*fn2
[13] After reviewing the magistrate's recommendation de novo, the district court granted Whetsel's 12(b)(6) motion and dismissed the complaint against the Board pursuant to 28 U. S. C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). *fn3 We review a dismissal for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo. Kidd v. Taos Ski Valley, Inc., 88 F.3d 848, 854 (10th Cir. 1996). Because the language of § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) parallels that of Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), we also review de novo the district court's dismissal of the complaint against the Board.
[14] II.
[15] While the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees pre-trial detainees humane conditions of confinement, "the Eighth Amendment standard provides the benchmark for such claims." Craig v. Eberly, 164 F.3d 490, 495 (10th Cir. 1998). Under Craig, in order to hold a jailer personally liable for an alleged constitutional violation, a plaintiff must satisfy two requirements: (1) an objective element, requiring that "the alleged deprivation be sufficiently serious" and (2) a subjective element, which "requires the jail official to have a sufficiently culpable state of mind." Id. (quotation omitted). In the prison context, a sufficiently culpable state of mind "is one of deliberate indifference to inmate health and safety." Id. (quotation omitted).
[16] Regarding the objective prong, overcrowding alone is not "sufficiently serious" to establish a constitutional violation. See Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U. S. 337, 348-49 (1981) (finding that housing two inmates in a cell designed for one does not, without more, violate the Eighth Amendment). "[T]he Constitution does not mandate comfortable prisons. . . ." Id. at 349. "[O]nly those deprivations denying the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities . . . are sufficiently grave to form the basis of an Eighth Amendment violation." Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U. S. 294, 298 (1991) (quotation omitted). Stevenson has not demonstrated that placing three inmates in a cell designed for two denied him the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities. He has not alleged that the situation led to "deprivations of essential food, medical care, or sanitation." Rhodes, 452 U. S. at 348. Nor has he alleged facts allowing an inference that conditions rose to the level of "conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm." Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U. S. 825, 834 (1994). Rather, Stevenson's complaint alleges only a discrete incident and what was possibly a temporary state of affairs. "To the extent that such conditions are restrictive and even harsh, they are part of the penalty that criminal offenders pay for their offenses against society." Rhodes, 452 U. S. at 347. In sum, without more factual support, we are unable to say that placing three prisoners in a cell designed for two, of itself, rises to the level of an Eighth Amendment violation.
[17] Regarding the second element, the subjective prong, Stevenson's complaint is also deficient, for Stevenson has failed to state a claim of deliberate indifference by Whetsel. There is nothing in the record to suggest that prison officials were aware that placing three prisoners in a cell designed for two created excessive risks to inmate safety but nevertheless disregarded the possible risks. Farmer, 511 U. S. at 837. Having failed to allege facts to support the necessary objective and subjective elements, Stevenson has failed to state a claim of a constitutional violation.
[18] Claims against Whetsel in his official capacity or against the Board are the equivalent of an action against the county itself. See Lopez v. LeMaster, 172 F.3d 756, 762 (10th Cir. 1999). To create liability under § 1983, Stevenson would have to establish: (1) that a constitutional violation occurred and (2) that some official policy or custom was the moving force behind the violation. City of Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, 471 U. S. 808, 820 (1984). Because Stevenson has failed to state a claim of a constitutional violation, there can be no liability against Whetsel in his official capacity or against the Board. However, even if Stevenson had alleged facts to support a claim of a constitutional violation, he has not alleged any facts to support a claim that his injuries resulted from an unconstitutional policy or custom. Watson v. City of Kansas City, 857 F.2d 690, 695 (10th Cir. 1988). Thus, Stevenson's claim against Whetsel in his official capacity and against the Board fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
[19] III.
[20] Measured by these standards, none of the alleged facts suggest the occurrence of a constitution violation. Thus, Stevenson has failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. We conclude that the district court properly dismissed Stevenson's complaint pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) and 28 U. S. C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). The order of the district court is AFFIRMED. Stevenson's motion to proceed without prepayment of fees is GRANTED. Stevenson is reminded that he must make partial payments until the filing fee is paid in full. The mandate shall issue forthwith.