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Refusal to Mail Nebraska Prisoner’s Artwork Violates First Amendment
A Nebraska district court has held that prison officials violated a prisoner’s First Amendment right to send and receive mail when they refused to let him mail his drawings. The court’s ruling came on a motion for judgment as a matter of law following a three-day jury trial. The jury, however, rejected other claims related to retaliation and denial of a sketchbook with erotic content.
While housed at Nebraska’s Lincoln Correctional Center, prisoner Tyler J. Keup created two pieces of artwork. When he tried to mail the artwork out to his parents and the Maoist Society, prison officials refused because his drawings contained “uncovered female breasts” and depicted “illegal drugs.”
Keup pursued the grievance process, arguing that Operational Memorandum 207.1.1, which was the prison’s basis for refusing to mail his artwork, violated his First Amendment rights and served no legitimate penological purpose. His grievances were denied by prison officials Dennis Blakewell and F.X. Hopkins.
Having exhausted his administrative remedies, Keup filed a civil rights lawsuit seeking an injunction, declaratory judgment and nominal damages. Several weeks after filing his complaint, prison officials refused to let him to send the artwork in question to the court as an exhibit.
Once again, Keup unsuccessfully pursued the grievance process. In an amended complaint, he also claimed that prison officials retaliated against him by confiscating a greeting card enclosed with a book and damaging the book. Further, he alleged a separate First Amendment violation when the prison refused to let him receive a sketchbook that contained pictures of bondage.
Finding that Blakewell and Hopkins had infringed on Keup’s First Amendment rights by refusing to accept his artwork for mailing and by failing to deliver the greeting card, the district court granted declaratory and injunctive relief, and awarded Keup $1.00 in nominal damages. The jury found for the defendants on the retaliation and sketchbook claims.
On December 15, 2008, the Court awarded a total of $24,598.74 in attorney fees and costs. Attorney Dana C. Brad-ford received $8,730 in fees and $225.42 in costs, while attorney Kellie P. Asaka, who represented Keup at trial, was awarded $15,225 in fees and $418.32 in costs. Note that Keup was entitled to attorney fees because he secured equitable relief. See: Keup v. Hopkins, U.S.D.C. (D. Neb.), Case No: 4:05-cv-03208; the fee award is available at 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 101982 (D. Neb., Dec. 15, 2008).
While housed at Nebraska’s Lincoln Correctional Center, prisoner Tyler J. Keup created two pieces of artwork. When he tried to mail the artwork out to his parents and the Maoist Society, prison officials refused because his drawings contained “uncovered female breasts” and depicted “illegal drugs.”
Keup pursued the grievance process, arguing that Operational Memorandum 207.1.1, which was the prison’s basis for refusing to mail his artwork, violated his First Amendment rights and served no legitimate penological purpose. His grievances were denied by prison officials Dennis Blakewell and F.X. Hopkins.
Having exhausted his administrative remedies, Keup filed a civil rights lawsuit seeking an injunction, declaratory judgment and nominal damages. Several weeks after filing his complaint, prison officials refused to let him to send the artwork in question to the court as an exhibit.
Once again, Keup unsuccessfully pursued the grievance process. In an amended complaint, he also claimed that prison officials retaliated against him by confiscating a greeting card enclosed with a book and damaging the book. Further, he alleged a separate First Amendment violation when the prison refused to let him receive a sketchbook that contained pictures of bondage.
Finding that Blakewell and Hopkins had infringed on Keup’s First Amendment rights by refusing to accept his artwork for mailing and by failing to deliver the greeting card, the district court granted declaratory and injunctive relief, and awarded Keup $1.00 in nominal damages. The jury found for the defendants on the retaliation and sketchbook claims.
On December 15, 2008, the Court awarded a total of $24,598.74 in attorney fees and costs. Attorney Dana C. Brad-ford received $8,730 in fees and $225.42 in costs, while attorney Kellie P. Asaka, who represented Keup at trial, was awarded $15,225 in fees and $418.32 in costs. Note that Keup was entitled to attorney fees because he secured equitable relief. See: Keup v. Hopkins, U.S.D.C. (D. Neb.), Case No: 4:05-cv-03208; the fee award is available at 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 101982 (D. Neb., Dec. 15, 2008).
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Related legal case
Keup v. Hopkins
| Year | 2008 |
|---|---|
| Cite | U.S.D.C. (D. Neb.), Case No: 4:05-cv-03208 |
| Level | District Court |
| Attorney Fees | 24,598.74 |
| Damages | 1.00 |
TYLER J. KEUP, Plaintiff, v. F. X. HOPKINS and DENNIS BAKEWELL, being sued in their individual and official capacities, Defendants.
4:05CV3208
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEBRASKA
2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 101982
December 15, 2008, Decided
December 15, 2008, Filed
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This matter is before the court on the plaintiff's motions for awards of attorney fees and expenses, Filing Nos. 145 and 148. In this action, plaintiff sought an injunction, a declaratory judgment, and damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for interference by prison officials with his federally protected right to send and receive mail in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.
I. BACKGROUND
Following a three-day trial in this case, the court sustained the plaintiff's motion for judgment as a matter of law and found that defendants Bakewell and Hopkins had infringed the plaintiff's [*2] First Amendment right to send and receive mail by refusing to accept plaintiff's drawings for mailing to his mother and to the Maoist Society, and for failing to deliver a greeting card. See Filing No. 141, Jury Instructions, Instruction No. 23; Filing No. 142, Order. The court found that defendants had no legitimate penological reasons for their actions and entered judgment in the amount of $ 1.00 for nominal damages against defendants Hopkins and Bakewell. Filing No. 142, Order. Plaintiff's other claims, a claim premised on refusal to allow the plaintiff to receive a sketchbook, against defendants Bakewell, Hopkins, Diane Sabatka-Rine, and Salvador "Tony" Cruz, and a claim of retaliation against defendants Cruz, Bakewell, and Hopkins, were submitted to the jury. See Filing No. 141, Jury Instructions, Jury Instructions No. 24 & 25. The jury found in favor of defendants on those claims. Filing No. 135, Special Interrogatories and Verdict Form.
The plaintiff seeks an award of fees and expenses in the amount of $ 11,296.92 for work performed by attorney Dana C. Bradford and in the amount of $ 20,718.32 for work performed by attorney Kellie Paris Asaka. Ms. Asaka was appointed by the court [*3] and represented the plaintiff from January 17, 2007, to April 10, 2008, when she was allowed to withdraw as counsel. Dana C. Bradford was then appointed to represent the plaintiff.
Both attorneys have submitted detailed time sheets and affidavits in support of the motion. See Filing Nos. 147, Index of Evidence, and Filing No. 148, Exhibits 1 & 2. The fee award sought for attorney Bradford represents 43.3 hours of work by Bradford at the rate of $ 200.00 per hour, 6.1 hours of work by attorney Justin D. Eichmann at the rate of $ 175.00 per hour, and 44 hours of work by clerk/paralegal Jonathan Bradford at the rate of $ 30.00 per hour. The fee sought for attorney Asaka represents 101.5 hours of work at the rate of $ 200.00 per hour. Plaintiff submits affidavits of counsel to show that an hourly rate of $ 200.00 per hour is reasonable in cases of this complexity. Attorney Bradford also seeks reimbursement for travel in the amount of $ 143.42 and for photocopies in the amount of $ 82.00. Ms. Asaka seeks compensation for travel in the amount of $ 363.62 and for copies in the amount of $ 55.00.
Defendants object to an award of fees. They contend that the plaintiff is not a prevailing party [*4] so as to be entitled to fees and further contend that, if awarded, the award should be limited to 150 percent of the monetary judgment under 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(d)(2).
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
The "prevailing party" in a § 1983 action is generally entitled to "a reasonable attorney's fee." See 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b) (2007); Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 429, 103 S. Ct. 1933, 76 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1983); Cody v. Hillard, 304 F.3d 767, 772 (8th Cir. 2002). The touchstone of the prevailing party inquiry "is 'the material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties in a manner which Congress sought to promote in the fee statute.'" Sole v. Wyner, 551 U.S. 74, 82, 127 S. Ct. 2188, 2194, 167 L. Ed. 2d 1069 (2007) (quoting Texas State Teachers Ass'n v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist., 489 U.S. 782, 792-793, 109 S. Ct. 1486, 103 L. Ed. 2d 866 (1989)); see also Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Dep't of Health & Human Res., 532 U.S. 598, 605, 121 S. Ct. 1835, 149 L. Ed. 2d 855 (2001) (stating that a "prevailing party" is one who secures a "judicially sanctioned change in the legal relationship of the parties."); Farrar v. Hobby, 506 U.S. 103, 111-112, 113 S. Ct. 566, 121 L. Ed. 2d 494 (1992) (stating that a plaintiff prevails "when actual relief on the merits of his claim materially alters the legal relationship between the parties by [*5] modifying the defendant's behavior in a way that directly benefits the plaintiff").
Recovery of attorney fees is limited by the degree of a plaintiff's success in the case as a whole. Jenkins ex rel. Jenkins v. Missouri, 127 F.3d 709, 718 (8th Cir. 1997). The Eighth Circuit has noted "the degree of [a plaintiff's] success is 'the most critical factor' in determining a reasonable fee award." Warnock v. Archer, 397 F.3d 1024, 1026 (8th Cir. 2005). There is "no precise rule or formula" for making fee determinations in cases with only partial success. Hensley, 461 U.S. at 436. Where "the court cannot separate out which hours were billed for which issues, [it] 'may simply reduce the award to account for the [plaintiff's] limited success.'" Warnock, 397 F.3d at 1026 (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 436-37). Where the plaintiff prevails on some, but not all of the claims he asserts, the court may consider the significance of the issues on which the plaintiff prevailed and whether a public purpose was served or relief obtained that applied to others besides the plaintiff. See, e.g., Murray v. City of Onawa, Iowa, 323 F.3d 616, 619 (8th Cir. 2003) (approving award of fees in a case that involved [*6] nominal damages only).
Because the plaintiff is a prisoner, his civil rights suit is also subject to the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996 ("PLRA"), which imposes special limitations on fee awards. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(d)(1). To recover fees, the prisoner must be a prevailing party under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 and the fees must be directly and reasonably incurred in proving an actual violation of the prisoner's rights, must be proportionately related to the court-ordered relief for the violation and the hourly rate of the fee recovery must be no more than 150 percent of the Criminal Justice Act rates for court-appointed counsel. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1997e(d)(1)(A) & (B) & (d)(3). See also Martin v. Hadix, 527 U.S. 343, 353, 360, 119 S. Ct. 1998, 144 L. Ed. 2d 347 (1999) (affirming a fee award under the PLRA for postjudgment monitoring, but reducing the award in accordance with PLRA's hourly rate cap).
The PLRA further provides that whenever a monetary judgment is awarded in such a case, up to 25 percent of the monetary award can be applied to satisfy attorney fees and "[i]f the award of attorney's fees is not greater than 150 percent of the judgment, the excess shall be paid by the defendant." 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(d)(2). In the Eighth [*7] Circuit, that provision has been interpreted to limit an attorney fees award to 150 percent of the money judgment. Royal v. Kautzky, 375 F.3d 720, 725 (8th Cir. 2004). A nominal damage award is a "monetary award" within the purview of section 1997e(d)(2). Foulk v. Charrier, 262 F.3d 687, 703 (8th Cir. 2001). Those circuits that have held that the restrictions of 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(d)(2) apply to nominal damages have uniformly recognized that the restrictions are not applicable if the plaintiff secures non-monetary relief in addition to nominal damages. Id. at 703 n.17; Pearson v. Welborn, 471 F.3d 732, 744 n.4 (7th Cir. 2006); Dannenberg v. Valadez, 338 F.3d 1070, 1075 (9th Cir. 2003) ("[F]ees incurred to obtain injunctive relief, whether or not monetary relief was also obtained as a result of those fees, are not limited" by § 1997e(d)(2); Walker v. Bain, 257 F.3d 660, 667 n.2 (6th Cir. 2001) ("[I]f non-monetary relief is obtained, either with or without money damages, § 1997e(d)(2) would not apply."); Boivin v. Black, 225 F.3d 36, 41 n.4 (1st Cir. 2000) ("In a case in which the court orders non-monetary redress (say, an injunction) along with a monetary judgment, the fee cap . . . [*8] would not restrict the total amount of attorney's fees that the court could award.").
The starting point in determining the amount of attorney fees is the "lodestar," which is calculated by multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended by reasonable hourly rates. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S. Ct. 1933, 76 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1983); Hanig v. Lee, 415 F.3d 822, 825 (8th Cir. 2005). A reasonable hourly rate is usually the ordinary rate for similar work in the community where the case has been litigated. Emery v. Hunt, 272 F.3d 1042, 1048 (8th Cir. 2001). District courts may rely on their own experience and knowledge of prevailing market rates. Hanig, 415 F.3d at 825. In determining a reasonable attorney fee, the district court should consider the factors set forth in Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714, 717-19 (5th Cir. 1984), though it need not exhaustively address every factor. Emery, 272 F.3d at 1048.
In addition to attorney fees, expenses and costs necessarily incurred in the prosecution of a case may be recovered from defendants as part of the attorney fee award to the extent the expenses constitute out-of-pocket expenses normally incurred by attorneys and charged to fee-paying [*9] clients. West v. Nabors Drilling USA, Inc., 330 F.3d 379, 395-96 (8th Cir. 2003) (holding that travel expenses are recoverable as fees). Also, paralegal fees are recoverable as attorney fees at their prevailing market rates. Richlin Sec. Service Co. v. Chertoff, ___ U.S. ___, ___,128 S. Ct. 2007, 2019, 170 L. Ed. 2d 960 (June 2, 2008).
III. DISCUSSION
The court first finds that the plaintiff is a prevailing party entitled to an award of fees. The court rejects the defendants' argument that in its order on defendants motion for summary judgment, this court rejected the defendants' contention that plaintiff's claims were moot because the challenged regulation was substantially amended. Filing No. 108, Memorandum and Order at 12 (noting that the application and interpretation of the postamendment regulation remained at issue). Plaintiff presented evidence that he continued to be subjected to unconstitutional restrictions on his protected right to send and receive mail under the amended regulations. Defendants vigorously contested this action and challenged the plaintiff's position at all stages of the litigation.
The court's finding of liability against defendants Hopkins and Bakewell is a "judicially sanctioned [*10] material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties" that justify attorney fees. The relief ordered by the court is a declaration that the defendants' interpretation and application of its policies was unconstitutional and operates to prospectively regulate the defendants' interpretation of their mailing policies. The court's order grants the plaintiff the declaratory and injunctive relief he sought.
The court also finds that the plaintiff "directly and reasonably incurred the fees in proving an actual violation" of his first Amendment rights and the "amount of the fee is proportionately related to the court ordered relief for the violation." 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(d)(1)(A) & (B)(i).
The court has reviewed the time sheets of counsel and finds the hours and labor expended on the case were reasonable. In consideration of the Johnson factors, the court finds that the attorneys' rates are reasonable and are in line with the prevailing rates in this community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation. The court further finds that the plaintiff obtained a significant result--the vindication of a significant and important First Amendment [*11] right. A clear public policy has been served by the case. The case involved considerable discovery and trial preparation. The time spent on the litigation is commensurate to the difficulty of the case. Also, the participation of two attorneys was appropriate under the circumstances and there does not appear to be any duplication of effort by the attorneys.
The plaintiff achieved significant legal and equitable relief in this action. The action involved the same claims and essentially the same evidence against all of the defendants. Because the same evidence would have been adduced against the defendants in any event, the fact that the plaintiff did not recover from all of the defendants did not add unnecessary expense to the litigation. The testimony of other defendants helped to establish the liability of defendants Bakewell and Hopkins and the claims against all defendants involved a common core of facts. An attempt to separate the time devoted to each claim would be a useless endeavor. The success that plaintiff achieved in this case cannot be characterized as a "limited" recovery, in spite of the dismissal of the other defendants. In view of the degree of the plaintiff's success, [*12] the court finds it is not appropriate to reduce the plaintiff's fee award for the degree of success achieved.
Plaintiff's counsel seeks attorney fees at the rates of $ 200.00 per hour. Under the PLRA, the attorneys' hourly rates are limited to 150 percent of the hourly rate established for court-appointed counsel under the Criminal Justice Act, which currently is $ 100.00 per hour in this district. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(d)(3); see Guide to Judiciary Policies and Procedures, Vol. VII, § 2.22(A)(1). Consequently, plaintiff's counsels' rates may not exceed $ 150.00 per hour. Application of the hourly rate cap will reduce attorney Bradford's fee to $ 8,730.00, representing 49.4 hours of attorney work at $ 150.00 per hour and 44 hours of paralegal work at $ 30.00 per hour, and attorney Asaka's fee to $ 15,225.00, for 101.5 hours at $ 150.00 per hour.
IT IS ORDERED that:
1. Plaintiff's motions for attorney fees (Filing Nos. 145 and 148) are granted;
2. Plaintiff is awarded attorney fees in the amount of $ 8,730.00 for attorney Dana C. Bradford and in the amount of $ 15,225.00 for attorney Kellie P. Asaka;
3. Plaintiff is awarded expenses in the amount of $ 225.42 for attorney Dana C. Bradford and [*13] in the amount of $ 418.32 for attorney Kellie P. Asaka;
4. A judgment in conformity with this Memorandum and Order will issue this date.
DATED this 15th day of December, 2008.
BY THE COURT:
/s/ Joseph F. Bataillon
Chief United States District Judge
4:05CV3208
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEBRASKA
2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 101982
December 15, 2008, Decided
December 15, 2008, Filed
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This matter is before the court on the plaintiff's motions for awards of attorney fees and expenses, Filing Nos. 145 and 148. In this action, plaintiff sought an injunction, a declaratory judgment, and damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for interference by prison officials with his federally protected right to send and receive mail in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.
I. BACKGROUND
Following a three-day trial in this case, the court sustained the plaintiff's motion for judgment as a matter of law and found that defendants Bakewell and Hopkins had infringed the plaintiff's [*2] First Amendment right to send and receive mail by refusing to accept plaintiff's drawings for mailing to his mother and to the Maoist Society, and for failing to deliver a greeting card. See Filing No. 141, Jury Instructions, Instruction No. 23; Filing No. 142, Order. The court found that defendants had no legitimate penological reasons for their actions and entered judgment in the amount of $ 1.00 for nominal damages against defendants Hopkins and Bakewell. Filing No. 142, Order. Plaintiff's other claims, a claim premised on refusal to allow the plaintiff to receive a sketchbook, against defendants Bakewell, Hopkins, Diane Sabatka-Rine, and Salvador "Tony" Cruz, and a claim of retaliation against defendants Cruz, Bakewell, and Hopkins, were submitted to the jury. See Filing No. 141, Jury Instructions, Jury Instructions No. 24 & 25. The jury found in favor of defendants on those claims. Filing No. 135, Special Interrogatories and Verdict Form.
The plaintiff seeks an award of fees and expenses in the amount of $ 11,296.92 for work performed by attorney Dana C. Bradford and in the amount of $ 20,718.32 for work performed by attorney Kellie Paris Asaka. Ms. Asaka was appointed by the court [*3] and represented the plaintiff from January 17, 2007, to April 10, 2008, when she was allowed to withdraw as counsel. Dana C. Bradford was then appointed to represent the plaintiff.
Both attorneys have submitted detailed time sheets and affidavits in support of the motion. See Filing Nos. 147, Index of Evidence, and Filing No. 148, Exhibits 1 & 2. The fee award sought for attorney Bradford represents 43.3 hours of work by Bradford at the rate of $ 200.00 per hour, 6.1 hours of work by attorney Justin D. Eichmann at the rate of $ 175.00 per hour, and 44 hours of work by clerk/paralegal Jonathan Bradford at the rate of $ 30.00 per hour. The fee sought for attorney Asaka represents 101.5 hours of work at the rate of $ 200.00 per hour. Plaintiff submits affidavits of counsel to show that an hourly rate of $ 200.00 per hour is reasonable in cases of this complexity. Attorney Bradford also seeks reimbursement for travel in the amount of $ 143.42 and for photocopies in the amount of $ 82.00. Ms. Asaka seeks compensation for travel in the amount of $ 363.62 and for copies in the amount of $ 55.00.
Defendants object to an award of fees. They contend that the plaintiff is not a prevailing party [*4] so as to be entitled to fees and further contend that, if awarded, the award should be limited to 150 percent of the monetary judgment under 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(d)(2).
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
The "prevailing party" in a § 1983 action is generally entitled to "a reasonable attorney's fee." See 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b) (2007); Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 429, 103 S. Ct. 1933, 76 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1983); Cody v. Hillard, 304 F.3d 767, 772 (8th Cir. 2002). The touchstone of the prevailing party inquiry "is 'the material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties in a manner which Congress sought to promote in the fee statute.'" Sole v. Wyner, 551 U.S. 74, 82, 127 S. Ct. 2188, 2194, 167 L. Ed. 2d 1069 (2007) (quoting Texas State Teachers Ass'n v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist., 489 U.S. 782, 792-793, 109 S. Ct. 1486, 103 L. Ed. 2d 866 (1989)); see also Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Dep't of Health & Human Res., 532 U.S. 598, 605, 121 S. Ct. 1835, 149 L. Ed. 2d 855 (2001) (stating that a "prevailing party" is one who secures a "judicially sanctioned change in the legal relationship of the parties."); Farrar v. Hobby, 506 U.S. 103, 111-112, 113 S. Ct. 566, 121 L. Ed. 2d 494 (1992) (stating that a plaintiff prevails "when actual relief on the merits of his claim materially alters the legal relationship between the parties by [*5] modifying the defendant's behavior in a way that directly benefits the plaintiff").
Recovery of attorney fees is limited by the degree of a plaintiff's success in the case as a whole. Jenkins ex rel. Jenkins v. Missouri, 127 F.3d 709, 718 (8th Cir. 1997). The Eighth Circuit has noted "the degree of [a plaintiff's] success is 'the most critical factor' in determining a reasonable fee award." Warnock v. Archer, 397 F.3d 1024, 1026 (8th Cir. 2005). There is "no precise rule or formula" for making fee determinations in cases with only partial success. Hensley, 461 U.S. at 436. Where "the court cannot separate out which hours were billed for which issues, [it] 'may simply reduce the award to account for the [plaintiff's] limited success.'" Warnock, 397 F.3d at 1026 (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 436-37). Where the plaintiff prevails on some, but not all of the claims he asserts, the court may consider the significance of the issues on which the plaintiff prevailed and whether a public purpose was served or relief obtained that applied to others besides the plaintiff. See, e.g., Murray v. City of Onawa, Iowa, 323 F.3d 616, 619 (8th Cir. 2003) (approving award of fees in a case that involved [*6] nominal damages only).
Because the plaintiff is a prisoner, his civil rights suit is also subject to the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996 ("PLRA"), which imposes special limitations on fee awards. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(d)(1). To recover fees, the prisoner must be a prevailing party under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 and the fees must be directly and reasonably incurred in proving an actual violation of the prisoner's rights, must be proportionately related to the court-ordered relief for the violation and the hourly rate of the fee recovery must be no more than 150 percent of the Criminal Justice Act rates for court-appointed counsel. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1997e(d)(1)(A) & (B) & (d)(3). See also Martin v. Hadix, 527 U.S. 343, 353, 360, 119 S. Ct. 1998, 144 L. Ed. 2d 347 (1999) (affirming a fee award under the PLRA for postjudgment monitoring, but reducing the award in accordance with PLRA's hourly rate cap).
The PLRA further provides that whenever a monetary judgment is awarded in such a case, up to 25 percent of the monetary award can be applied to satisfy attorney fees and "[i]f the award of attorney's fees is not greater than 150 percent of the judgment, the excess shall be paid by the defendant." 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(d)(2). In the Eighth [*7] Circuit, that provision has been interpreted to limit an attorney fees award to 150 percent of the money judgment. Royal v. Kautzky, 375 F.3d 720, 725 (8th Cir. 2004). A nominal damage award is a "monetary award" within the purview of section 1997e(d)(2). Foulk v. Charrier, 262 F.3d 687, 703 (8th Cir. 2001). Those circuits that have held that the restrictions of 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(d)(2) apply to nominal damages have uniformly recognized that the restrictions are not applicable if the plaintiff secures non-monetary relief in addition to nominal damages. Id. at 703 n.17; Pearson v. Welborn, 471 F.3d 732, 744 n.4 (7th Cir. 2006); Dannenberg v. Valadez, 338 F.3d 1070, 1075 (9th Cir. 2003) ("[F]ees incurred to obtain injunctive relief, whether or not monetary relief was also obtained as a result of those fees, are not limited" by § 1997e(d)(2); Walker v. Bain, 257 F.3d 660, 667 n.2 (6th Cir. 2001) ("[I]f non-monetary relief is obtained, either with or without money damages, § 1997e(d)(2) would not apply."); Boivin v. Black, 225 F.3d 36, 41 n.4 (1st Cir. 2000) ("In a case in which the court orders non-monetary redress (say, an injunction) along with a monetary judgment, the fee cap . . . [*8] would not restrict the total amount of attorney's fees that the court could award.").
The starting point in determining the amount of attorney fees is the "lodestar," which is calculated by multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended by reasonable hourly rates. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S. Ct. 1933, 76 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1983); Hanig v. Lee, 415 F.3d 822, 825 (8th Cir. 2005). A reasonable hourly rate is usually the ordinary rate for similar work in the community where the case has been litigated. Emery v. Hunt, 272 F.3d 1042, 1048 (8th Cir. 2001). District courts may rely on their own experience and knowledge of prevailing market rates. Hanig, 415 F.3d at 825. In determining a reasonable attorney fee, the district court should consider the factors set forth in Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714, 717-19 (5th Cir. 1984), though it need not exhaustively address every factor. Emery, 272 F.3d at 1048.
In addition to attorney fees, expenses and costs necessarily incurred in the prosecution of a case may be recovered from defendants as part of the attorney fee award to the extent the expenses constitute out-of-pocket expenses normally incurred by attorneys and charged to fee-paying [*9] clients. West v. Nabors Drilling USA, Inc., 330 F.3d 379, 395-96 (8th Cir. 2003) (holding that travel expenses are recoverable as fees). Also, paralegal fees are recoverable as attorney fees at their prevailing market rates. Richlin Sec. Service Co. v. Chertoff, ___ U.S. ___, ___,128 S. Ct. 2007, 2019, 170 L. Ed. 2d 960 (June 2, 2008).
III. DISCUSSION
The court first finds that the plaintiff is a prevailing party entitled to an award of fees. The court rejects the defendants' argument that in its order on defendants motion for summary judgment, this court rejected the defendants' contention that plaintiff's claims were moot because the challenged regulation was substantially amended. Filing No. 108, Memorandum and Order at 12 (noting that the application and interpretation of the postamendment regulation remained at issue). Plaintiff presented evidence that he continued to be subjected to unconstitutional restrictions on his protected right to send and receive mail under the amended regulations. Defendants vigorously contested this action and challenged the plaintiff's position at all stages of the litigation.
The court's finding of liability against defendants Hopkins and Bakewell is a "judicially sanctioned [*10] material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties" that justify attorney fees. The relief ordered by the court is a declaration that the defendants' interpretation and application of its policies was unconstitutional and operates to prospectively regulate the defendants' interpretation of their mailing policies. The court's order grants the plaintiff the declaratory and injunctive relief he sought.
The court also finds that the plaintiff "directly and reasonably incurred the fees in proving an actual violation" of his first Amendment rights and the "amount of the fee is proportionately related to the court ordered relief for the violation." 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(d)(1)(A) & (B)(i).
The court has reviewed the time sheets of counsel and finds the hours and labor expended on the case were reasonable. In consideration of the Johnson factors, the court finds that the attorneys' rates are reasonable and are in line with the prevailing rates in this community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation. The court further finds that the plaintiff obtained a significant result--the vindication of a significant and important First Amendment [*11] right. A clear public policy has been served by the case. The case involved considerable discovery and trial preparation. The time spent on the litigation is commensurate to the difficulty of the case. Also, the participation of two attorneys was appropriate under the circumstances and there does not appear to be any duplication of effort by the attorneys.
The plaintiff achieved significant legal and equitable relief in this action. The action involved the same claims and essentially the same evidence against all of the defendants. Because the same evidence would have been adduced against the defendants in any event, the fact that the plaintiff did not recover from all of the defendants did not add unnecessary expense to the litigation. The testimony of other defendants helped to establish the liability of defendants Bakewell and Hopkins and the claims against all defendants involved a common core of facts. An attempt to separate the time devoted to each claim would be a useless endeavor. The success that plaintiff achieved in this case cannot be characterized as a "limited" recovery, in spite of the dismissal of the other defendants. In view of the degree of the plaintiff's success, [*12] the court finds it is not appropriate to reduce the plaintiff's fee award for the degree of success achieved.
Plaintiff's counsel seeks attorney fees at the rates of $ 200.00 per hour. Under the PLRA, the attorneys' hourly rates are limited to 150 percent of the hourly rate established for court-appointed counsel under the Criminal Justice Act, which currently is $ 100.00 per hour in this district. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(d)(3); see Guide to Judiciary Policies and Procedures, Vol. VII, § 2.22(A)(1). Consequently, plaintiff's counsels' rates may not exceed $ 150.00 per hour. Application of the hourly rate cap will reduce attorney Bradford's fee to $ 8,730.00, representing 49.4 hours of attorney work at $ 150.00 per hour and 44 hours of paralegal work at $ 30.00 per hour, and attorney Asaka's fee to $ 15,225.00, for 101.5 hours at $ 150.00 per hour.
IT IS ORDERED that:
1. Plaintiff's motions for attorney fees (Filing Nos. 145 and 148) are granted;
2. Plaintiff is awarded attorney fees in the amount of $ 8,730.00 for attorney Dana C. Bradford and in the amount of $ 15,225.00 for attorney Kellie P. Asaka;
3. Plaintiff is awarded expenses in the amount of $ 225.42 for attorney Dana C. Bradford and [*13] in the amount of $ 418.32 for attorney Kellie P. Asaka;
4. A judgment in conformity with this Memorandum and Order will issue this date.
DATED this 15th day of December, 2008.
BY THE COURT:
/s/ Joseph F. Bataillon
Chief United States District Judge