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Prison Mailbox Rule Applies to Civil Rights Complaint
Prison Mailbox Rule Applies To Civil Rights Complaint
by Jon Michael Withrow
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 8th circuit reversed and remanded a district court's dismissal of a prisoner's § 1983 complaint as untimely filed, holding that the prison mailbox rule applied to a prisoner's civil rights complaint. Ronald Sulik, a Missouri state prisoner, filed a federal complaint against Taney County, Missouri, and police officers regarding an assault on Sulik while he was in the Taney County Jail.
The U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri dismissed Sulik's complaint as untimely filed even though he placed the complaint into the prison mailbox one day before the filing deadline. Also at issue was Sulik's late filing of his notice of appeal without an affidavit showing the date of mailing.
The first issue for the court of appeals to resolve was the late filed notice of appeal. The postmark indicated that notice of appeal was timely handed to prison officials for mailing to the court, however, Sulik had failed to include the required affidavit. (See FED.R.APP.P. 4(c)(1)) Finding, no requirement that the affidavit be filed with the notice of appeal, the court simply ordered Sulik to file the affidavit, thus establishing jurisdiction in the court of appeals.
The court then turned to Sulik's late filed complaint. Missouri has a 5-year statute of limitations on filing a civil complaint against the county, but only a 3-year time limit on complaints against police officers. The district court found Sulik's complaint was filed five days late even though Sulik contends that he handed it to prison officials one day before the filing deadline. The court asserted that "the Eighth Circuit has not extended the prison mailbox rule to the filing of civil complaints."
The court of appeals, in reviewing the Supreme Court's decision in Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266 (1988), and finding that all courts of appeals who have considered this issue upheld the prison mailbox rule on civil complaints, (see opinion for list of circuits), announced that the 8th Circuit now extends the prison mailbox rule to the filing of civil complaints.
The court of appeals reversed the district court's dismissal and remanded with orders to reinstate the claims against the county. The dismissal against the police officers was upheld because Sulik filed at the 5-year limitation period instead of 3-years. See: Sulik v. Taney County, MO, 316 F.3d 813 (8th Cir. 2003).
by Jon Michael Withrow
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 8th circuit reversed and remanded a district court's dismissal of a prisoner's § 1983 complaint as untimely filed, holding that the prison mailbox rule applied to a prisoner's civil rights complaint. Ronald Sulik, a Missouri state prisoner, filed a federal complaint against Taney County, Missouri, and police officers regarding an assault on Sulik while he was in the Taney County Jail.
The U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri dismissed Sulik's complaint as untimely filed even though he placed the complaint into the prison mailbox one day before the filing deadline. Also at issue was Sulik's late filing of his notice of appeal without an affidavit showing the date of mailing.
The first issue for the court of appeals to resolve was the late filed notice of appeal. The postmark indicated that notice of appeal was timely handed to prison officials for mailing to the court, however, Sulik had failed to include the required affidavit. (See FED.R.APP.P. 4(c)(1)) Finding, no requirement that the affidavit be filed with the notice of appeal, the court simply ordered Sulik to file the affidavit, thus establishing jurisdiction in the court of appeals.
The court then turned to Sulik's late filed complaint. Missouri has a 5-year statute of limitations on filing a civil complaint against the county, but only a 3-year time limit on complaints against police officers. The district court found Sulik's complaint was filed five days late even though Sulik contends that he handed it to prison officials one day before the filing deadline. The court asserted that "the Eighth Circuit has not extended the prison mailbox rule to the filing of civil complaints."
The court of appeals, in reviewing the Supreme Court's decision in Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266 (1988), and finding that all courts of appeals who have considered this issue upheld the prison mailbox rule on civil complaints, (see opinion for list of circuits), announced that the 8th Circuit now extends the prison mailbox rule to the filing of civil complaints.
The court of appeals reversed the district court's dismissal and remanded with orders to reinstate the claims against the county. The dismissal against the police officers was upheld because Sulik filed at the 5-year limitation period instead of 3-years. See: Sulik v. Taney County, MO, 316 F.3d 813 (8th Cir. 2003).
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Related legal case
Sulik v. Taney County, MO
| Year | 2003 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 316 F.3d 813 (8th Cir. 2003) |
| Level | Court of Appeals |
Sulik v. Taney County, Missouri, 316 F.3d 813 (8th Cir. 01/22/2003)
[1] U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit
[2] No. 02-1397
[3] 316 F.3d 813, 2003
[4] January 22, 2003
[5] RONALD C. SULIK, APPELLANT,
v.
TANEY COUNTY, MISSOURI; THERON JENKINS; DALTON; ALAN HAHN; TONY STEPHENS; BARNEY NAOTIE; KEN CARLSON; DENISE BISHOP; MICHELE JOHNSON; MICHAEL G. CLEMENS; LESLIE CLEMENS; FRANK MILLER, APPELLEES.
[6] Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri.
[7] Before Loken, Fagg, and Morris Sheppard Arnold, Circuit Judges.
[8] The opinion of the court was delivered by: Fagg, Circuit Judge
[9] Submitted: January 13, 2003
[10] After he was assaulted in the Taney County jail, Ronald C. Sulik, a state prisoner, brought this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against Taney County and various law enforcement officers. Sulik's action arose on February 16, 1996. Sulik asserts he placed his complaint, dated February 15, 2001, in the prison's internal mail system that day. The district court received Sulik's complaint on February 20, 2001. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the petition asserting it was filed beyond the five-year statute of limitations. The district court dismissed Sulik's complaint as untimely. Judgment was entered on October 26, 2001. On November 27, 2001, one day late, the district court received Sulik's notice of appeal. The envelope containing the notice of appeal bore a November 21 postmark. Sulik appeals the dismissal of his complaint asserting the district court should have deemed his § 1983 action filed when he placed his complaint in the prison mail system.
[11] The defendants initially contend we lack jurisdiction to consider Sulik's appeal because he did not comply with the requirements of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(c)(1) (the prison mailbox rule). The Rule provides:
[12] If an inmate confined in an institution files a notice of appeal in either a civil or a criminal case, the notice is timely if it is deposited in the institution's internal mail system on or before the last day for filing. If an institution has a system designed for legal mail, the inmate must use that system to receive the benefit of this rule. Timely filing may be shown by a declaration in compliance with 28 U.S.C. § 1746 or by a notarized statement, either of which must set forth the date of deposit and state that first-class postage has been prepaid.
[13] The defendants point out Sulik has not submitted an affidavit as the Rule requires.
[14] Although Rule 4(c)(1) requires a prisoner to file an affidavit reporting the precise date when he deposited his notice of appeal with prison authorities and that the prisoner prepaid postage, the Rule does not specify when a prisoner must file the affidavit. Grady v. United States, 269 F.3d 913, 917 (8th Cir. 2001). The prisoner is not required to attach his affidavit or statement to his notice of appeal. Id. at 918. Because a prisoner may not "needlessly delay proceedings without penalty," however, "a district court may refuse to consider a prisoner's Rule 4(c)(1) affidavit due to a lengthy and unwarranted delay in submission" or give the affidavit less weight. Id.
[15] Here, it is clear Sulik deposited his notice of appeal in the prison mail system before the November 26 deadline because the envelope containing the notice bore a November 21 postmark and the notice was received by the clerk's office on November 27. The defendants do not dispute that Sulik placed his notice in the mail on November 21 as he asserts. Under the circumstances, a remand is unnecessary. We simply direct Sulik to file a Rule 4(c) affidavit with the clerk of this court within ten days from the date of this opinion.
[16] Having concluded we have jurisdiction, we turn to the merits of the appeal. Sulik contends the district court should not have dismissed his § 1983 complaint as untimely because he placed it in the prison mail system on February 15, 2001, the last day of the limitations period. The district court considered Sulik's complaint filed five days late on February 20, 2001, the date the court received it, because "the Eighth Circuit has not extended the prison mailbox rule to the filing of civil complaints."
[17] In Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 270-76 (1988), the Supreme Court held a pro se prisoner's notice of appeal should be deemed filed when the prisoner delivers it to the warden for forwarding to the district court. The Court observed that a prisoner cannot control the notice of appeal after it has been delivered to prison officials, the prisoner lacks legal counsel to institute and monitor the process, and the prison authorities have incentive to delay a filing beyond the applicable time limit. Id. at 270-72. The Houston holding was later incorporated into Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(c). Grady, 269 F.3d at 916. As written, the Rule applies only to notices of appeal. Id. Nevertheless, we have extended the benefits of the prison mailbox rule to pro se state prisoners who file 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas petitions and to pro se federal prisoners who seek similar relief under § 2255. Grady, 269 F.3d at 916. In doing so, we concluded the Supreme Court's reasoning in Houston applies with "virtually equal force" in the habeas context. Nichols v. Bowersox, 172 F.3d 1068, 1075 (8th Cir. 1999) (en banc); see Moore v. United States, 173 F.3d 1131, 1135 (8th Cir. 1999).
[18] Although we have not yet extended the prison mailbox rule to § 1983 complaints filed by pro se prisoners, it appears that all other courts to consider the issue have held Houston applies. Casanova v. DuBois, 304 F.3d 75, 79 (1 st Cir. 2002) (extending Houston to § 1983 complaints); Richard v. Ray, 290 F.3d 810, 813 (6 th Cir. 2002) (per curiam) (all civil complaints); Cooper v. Brookshire, 70 F.3d 377, 380 (5th Cir. 1995) (all civil complaints); Garvey v. Vaughn, 993 F.2d 776, 783 (11th Cir. 1993) (§ 1983 & FTCA complaints); Dory v. Ryan, 999 F.2d 679, 682 (2d Cir. 1993) (§ 1983 complaints); Lewis v. Richmond City Police Dep't, 947 F.2d 733, 736 (4 th Cir. 1991) (per curiam) (§ 1983 or all civil complaints); see also Edwards v. United States, 266 F.3d 756, 758 (7th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (extending rule to all pro se filings absent exceptional circumstances). These courts have concluded the rationale for extending the prison mailbox rule to habeas actions applies equally to prisoner civil complaints.
[19] The defendants cite no contrary law, but point out that in contrast to the thirty-day period in which a prisoner must file a notice of appeal (and the one-year period in which a prisoner must file a habeas action), Sulik had five years to file his § 1983 action against most of the defendants. This is not a valid distinction. Cooper, 70 F.3d at 380-81; Lewis, 947 F.2d at 736. The foundation of Houston is the inherent disadvantage suffered by pro se prisoners in their ability to monitor the course of their litigation. This applies regardless of the length of the limitation period. The pro se prisoner has no control over the processing of his complaint after he turns it over to prison authorities for mailing, the prisoner lacks legal counsel to institute and monitor the process, and the prison authorities have reason to delay the filing of lawsuits, especially those against prison officials. We thus join our sister circuits and hold the prison mailbox rule governs the determination of when a prisoner's civil complaint has been filed.
[20] Accordingly, we reverse the district court's dismissal of Sulik's § 1983 complaint as untimely and remand for reinstatement of his claims against all defendants except for the police officers. Claims against the police officers are governed by a three-year statute of limitations and remain untimely even if the prison mailbox rule is applied. Claims against all other defendants are timely because Sulik delivered his § 1983 complaint to prison authorities within the five-year statute of limitations. We thus remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
[1] U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit
[2] No. 02-1397
[3] 316 F.3d 813, 2003
[4] January 22, 2003
[5] RONALD C. SULIK, APPELLANT,
v.
TANEY COUNTY, MISSOURI; THERON JENKINS; DALTON; ALAN HAHN; TONY STEPHENS; BARNEY NAOTIE; KEN CARLSON; DENISE BISHOP; MICHELE JOHNSON; MICHAEL G. CLEMENS; LESLIE CLEMENS; FRANK MILLER, APPELLEES.
[6] Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri.
[7] Before Loken, Fagg, and Morris Sheppard Arnold, Circuit Judges.
[8] The opinion of the court was delivered by: Fagg, Circuit Judge
[9] Submitted: January 13, 2003
[10] After he was assaulted in the Taney County jail, Ronald C. Sulik, a state prisoner, brought this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against Taney County and various law enforcement officers. Sulik's action arose on February 16, 1996. Sulik asserts he placed his complaint, dated February 15, 2001, in the prison's internal mail system that day. The district court received Sulik's complaint on February 20, 2001. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the petition asserting it was filed beyond the five-year statute of limitations. The district court dismissed Sulik's complaint as untimely. Judgment was entered on October 26, 2001. On November 27, 2001, one day late, the district court received Sulik's notice of appeal. The envelope containing the notice of appeal bore a November 21 postmark. Sulik appeals the dismissal of his complaint asserting the district court should have deemed his § 1983 action filed when he placed his complaint in the prison mail system.
[11] The defendants initially contend we lack jurisdiction to consider Sulik's appeal because he did not comply with the requirements of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(c)(1) (the prison mailbox rule). The Rule provides:
[12] If an inmate confined in an institution files a notice of appeal in either a civil or a criminal case, the notice is timely if it is deposited in the institution's internal mail system on or before the last day for filing. If an institution has a system designed for legal mail, the inmate must use that system to receive the benefit of this rule. Timely filing may be shown by a declaration in compliance with 28 U.S.C. § 1746 or by a notarized statement, either of which must set forth the date of deposit and state that first-class postage has been prepaid.
[13] The defendants point out Sulik has not submitted an affidavit as the Rule requires.
[14] Although Rule 4(c)(1) requires a prisoner to file an affidavit reporting the precise date when he deposited his notice of appeal with prison authorities and that the prisoner prepaid postage, the Rule does not specify when a prisoner must file the affidavit. Grady v. United States, 269 F.3d 913, 917 (8th Cir. 2001). The prisoner is not required to attach his affidavit or statement to his notice of appeal. Id. at 918. Because a prisoner may not "needlessly delay proceedings without penalty," however, "a district court may refuse to consider a prisoner's Rule 4(c)(1) affidavit due to a lengthy and unwarranted delay in submission" or give the affidavit less weight. Id.
[15] Here, it is clear Sulik deposited his notice of appeal in the prison mail system before the November 26 deadline because the envelope containing the notice bore a November 21 postmark and the notice was received by the clerk's office on November 27. The defendants do not dispute that Sulik placed his notice in the mail on November 21 as he asserts. Under the circumstances, a remand is unnecessary. We simply direct Sulik to file a Rule 4(c) affidavit with the clerk of this court within ten days from the date of this opinion.
[16] Having concluded we have jurisdiction, we turn to the merits of the appeal. Sulik contends the district court should not have dismissed his § 1983 complaint as untimely because he placed it in the prison mail system on February 15, 2001, the last day of the limitations period. The district court considered Sulik's complaint filed five days late on February 20, 2001, the date the court received it, because "the Eighth Circuit has not extended the prison mailbox rule to the filing of civil complaints."
[17] In Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 270-76 (1988), the Supreme Court held a pro se prisoner's notice of appeal should be deemed filed when the prisoner delivers it to the warden for forwarding to the district court. The Court observed that a prisoner cannot control the notice of appeal after it has been delivered to prison officials, the prisoner lacks legal counsel to institute and monitor the process, and the prison authorities have incentive to delay a filing beyond the applicable time limit. Id. at 270-72. The Houston holding was later incorporated into Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(c). Grady, 269 F.3d at 916. As written, the Rule applies only to notices of appeal. Id. Nevertheless, we have extended the benefits of the prison mailbox rule to pro se state prisoners who file 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas petitions and to pro se federal prisoners who seek similar relief under § 2255. Grady, 269 F.3d at 916. In doing so, we concluded the Supreme Court's reasoning in Houston applies with "virtually equal force" in the habeas context. Nichols v. Bowersox, 172 F.3d 1068, 1075 (8th Cir. 1999) (en banc); see Moore v. United States, 173 F.3d 1131, 1135 (8th Cir. 1999).
[18] Although we have not yet extended the prison mailbox rule to § 1983 complaints filed by pro se prisoners, it appears that all other courts to consider the issue have held Houston applies. Casanova v. DuBois, 304 F.3d 75, 79 (1 st Cir. 2002) (extending Houston to § 1983 complaints); Richard v. Ray, 290 F.3d 810, 813 (6 th Cir. 2002) (per curiam) (all civil complaints); Cooper v. Brookshire, 70 F.3d 377, 380 (5th Cir. 1995) (all civil complaints); Garvey v. Vaughn, 993 F.2d 776, 783 (11th Cir. 1993) (§ 1983 & FTCA complaints); Dory v. Ryan, 999 F.2d 679, 682 (2d Cir. 1993) (§ 1983 complaints); Lewis v. Richmond City Police Dep't, 947 F.2d 733, 736 (4 th Cir. 1991) (per curiam) (§ 1983 or all civil complaints); see also Edwards v. United States, 266 F.3d 756, 758 (7th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (extending rule to all pro se filings absent exceptional circumstances). These courts have concluded the rationale for extending the prison mailbox rule to habeas actions applies equally to prisoner civil complaints.
[19] The defendants cite no contrary law, but point out that in contrast to the thirty-day period in which a prisoner must file a notice of appeal (and the one-year period in which a prisoner must file a habeas action), Sulik had five years to file his § 1983 action against most of the defendants. This is not a valid distinction. Cooper, 70 F.3d at 380-81; Lewis, 947 F.2d at 736. The foundation of Houston is the inherent disadvantage suffered by pro se prisoners in their ability to monitor the course of their litigation. This applies regardless of the length of the limitation period. The pro se prisoner has no control over the processing of his complaint after he turns it over to prison authorities for mailing, the prisoner lacks legal counsel to institute and monitor the process, and the prison authorities have reason to delay the filing of lawsuits, especially those against prison officials. We thus join our sister circuits and hold the prison mailbox rule governs the determination of when a prisoner's civil complaint has been filed.
[20] Accordingly, we reverse the district court's dismissal of Sulik's § 1983 complaint as untimely and remand for reinstatement of his claims against all defendants except for the police officers. Claims against the police officers are governed by a three-year statute of limitations and remain untimely even if the prison mailbox rule is applied. Claims against all other defendants are timely because Sulik delivered his § 1983 complaint to prison authorities within the five-year statute of limitations. We thus remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.