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Qualified Immunity for Infraction Suit
The court of appeals for the eighth circuit held that a district court erred when it found prison officials liable and awarded a prisoner damages after the court found no evidence supported a disciplinary committee's finding of guilt. The court also held that prisoners challenging disciplinary hearing results can file suit under § 1983 and need not exhaust state court remedies through habeas corpus procedures. Readers will note that this finding directly conflicts with Sheldon v. Edwards, 83 F.3d 231 (8th Cir. 1996), [PLN. Vol.8, No.4 ]. This issue is pending review by the US Supreme Court in Edwards v. Balisok. [See PLN, Vol. 7, No. 7.]
Lee Moorman is an Iowa state prisoner serving a sentence for armed robbery. A prison guard overheard Moorman discussing plans with another prisoner to acquire a handgun after his release. The guard infracted Moorman for violating prison rules that prohibit prisoners from engaging in conduct that is a felony under state or federal law. Moorman was found guilty of "attempting" to possess a firearm as a convicted felon. He lost 16 days of good time, spent 15 days in segregation and 107 days on disciplinary detention. He was later paroled in 1990. Moorman initially filed a state court post conviction action which was dismissed as moot because he had been released from prison. Moorman then filed suit in federal court contending his due process rights were violated because no evidence supported the finding of guilt. The district court agreed and awarded him $3,602.55 in damages for lost wages and time spent in segregation. Prison officials appealed contending they were entitled to qualified immunity.
The court held that under Sandin v. Connor, 115 S.Ct. 2293 (1995) Moorman could only seek relief for the loss of his good time credits, the disciplinary segregation claims were not subject to due process. [Editors' Note: While Sandin held that due process is implicated only when a prisoner is subjected to a "significant and atypical" deprivation, such as the loss of good time; disciplinary segregation that results in addition to the loss of good time should be compensable as damages traceable to the deprivation of due process. The court in this case did not discuss this matter.] The court discussed Iowa's good time scheme and held "given its highly discretionary nature, it is unclear that Iowa's statutory scheme creates a liberty interest in good time." The court found that, contrary to Sheldon, Moorman could bring this suit as a § 1983 action for money damages rather than as a federal habeas action. The court noted that Heck v. Humphrey, 114 S.Ct. 2364 (1994) specifically distinguished Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 US 539, 94 S.Ct. 2963 (1974) as a proper section 1983 action where the prisoner sought money damages for the use of the wrong procedure, not restoration of the lost good time credits.
The district court held that there was no evidence in the record that Moorman had violated the rule in question by deciding that the conduct could not constitute an "attempt." The appeals court held the defendants were entitled to qualified immunity. "The proper analysis was not whether there was 'some evidence' of a rules violation, which goes to whether there is a sufficient quantum of evidence for the disciplinary committee to find that the prisoner actually committed the conduct of which he [sic] accused.... Rather, the question presented is whether the committee was justified in finding that the conduct in question, which was amply supported by the evidence, constituted a violation of the rules. To decide this issue, we look to the officials' interpretation and application of the prison rules."
"Where there is no clearly established judicial interpretation to the contrary, we defer to prison officials' interpretation and application of their rules to the facts so long as that interpretation and application is not objectively unreasonable." In this case the district court held there was no "attempt" or "plan" because no overt act was taken (the court ignored the fact that the "plan" required Moorman be released from prison first, when he would, presumably, no longer be subject to prison rules). In Freitas v. Auger, 837 F.2d 806 (8th Cir. 1988) the court held that prisoners could not be punished for merely talking about an escape. "The district court, after some analysis, decided that the conduct in this case did not amount to a 'plan' because there was no overt act. Whether it is the district court's or the prison officials' determination (as to what constitutes a 'plan') that is ultimately found to be correct, the question is certainly arguable and open to debate. Freitas does not set out clearly established guidelines as to which verbal exchanges amount to 'plans' and which amount to mere talk, nor does it indicate verbal exchanges alone may never be 'plans.' Thus, there was no established judicial interpretation of 'plan' which was patently contrary to the officials' application in this case." The court held the defendants were entitled to qualified immunity and reversed and remanded with instructions to grant the defendants judgment.
The court held the action was reasonably related to maintaining order and security in the prison but did not discuss how this applied to a scenario which, even if it did constitute a "plan," would not take place until after Moorman had been released from prison and was no longer in the institution. Likewise the court did not discuss alternative theories of liability, such as whether Moorman was given adequate notice that his conduct might violate prison rules for which he would be punished. See: Moorman v. Thalacker, 83 F.3d 970 (8th Cir. 1996).
Lee Moorman is an Iowa state prisoner serving a sentence for armed robbery. A prison guard overheard Moorman discussing plans with another prisoner to acquire a handgun after his release. The guard infracted Moorman for violating prison rules that prohibit prisoners from engaging in conduct that is a felony under state or federal law. Moorman was found guilty of "attempting" to possess a firearm as a convicted felon. He lost 16 days of good time, spent 15 days in segregation and 107 days on disciplinary detention. He was later paroled in 1990. Moorman initially filed a state court post conviction action which was dismissed as moot because he had been released from prison. Moorman then filed suit in federal court contending his due process rights were violated because no evidence supported the finding of guilt. The district court agreed and awarded him $3,602.55 in damages for lost wages and time spent in segregation. Prison officials appealed contending they were entitled to qualified immunity.
The court held that under Sandin v. Connor, 115 S.Ct. 2293 (1995) Moorman could only seek relief for the loss of his good time credits, the disciplinary segregation claims were not subject to due process. [Editors' Note: While Sandin held that due process is implicated only when a prisoner is subjected to a "significant and atypical" deprivation, such as the loss of good time; disciplinary segregation that results in addition to the loss of good time should be compensable as damages traceable to the deprivation of due process. The court in this case did not discuss this matter.] The court discussed Iowa's good time scheme and held "given its highly discretionary nature, it is unclear that Iowa's statutory scheme creates a liberty interest in good time." The court found that, contrary to Sheldon, Moorman could bring this suit as a § 1983 action for money damages rather than as a federal habeas action. The court noted that Heck v. Humphrey, 114 S.Ct. 2364 (1994) specifically distinguished Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 US 539, 94 S.Ct. 2963 (1974) as a proper section 1983 action where the prisoner sought money damages for the use of the wrong procedure, not restoration of the lost good time credits.
The district court held that there was no evidence in the record that Moorman had violated the rule in question by deciding that the conduct could not constitute an "attempt." The appeals court held the defendants were entitled to qualified immunity. "The proper analysis was not whether there was 'some evidence' of a rules violation, which goes to whether there is a sufficient quantum of evidence for the disciplinary committee to find that the prisoner actually committed the conduct of which he [sic] accused.... Rather, the question presented is whether the committee was justified in finding that the conduct in question, which was amply supported by the evidence, constituted a violation of the rules. To decide this issue, we look to the officials' interpretation and application of the prison rules."
"Where there is no clearly established judicial interpretation to the contrary, we defer to prison officials' interpretation and application of their rules to the facts so long as that interpretation and application is not objectively unreasonable." In this case the district court held there was no "attempt" or "plan" because no overt act was taken (the court ignored the fact that the "plan" required Moorman be released from prison first, when he would, presumably, no longer be subject to prison rules). In Freitas v. Auger, 837 F.2d 806 (8th Cir. 1988) the court held that prisoners could not be punished for merely talking about an escape. "The district court, after some analysis, decided that the conduct in this case did not amount to a 'plan' because there was no overt act. Whether it is the district court's or the prison officials' determination (as to what constitutes a 'plan') that is ultimately found to be correct, the question is certainly arguable and open to debate. Freitas does not set out clearly established guidelines as to which verbal exchanges amount to 'plans' and which amount to mere talk, nor does it indicate verbal exchanges alone may never be 'plans.' Thus, there was no established judicial interpretation of 'plan' which was patently contrary to the officials' application in this case." The court held the defendants were entitled to qualified immunity and reversed and remanded with instructions to grant the defendants judgment.
The court held the action was reasonably related to maintaining order and security in the prison but did not discuss how this applied to a scenario which, even if it did constitute a "plan," would not take place until after Moorman had been released from prison and was no longer in the institution. Likewise the court did not discuss alternative theories of liability, such as whether Moorman was given adequate notice that his conduct might violate prison rules for which he would be punished. See: Moorman v. Thalacker, 83 F.3d 970 (8th Cir. 1996).
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Related legal case
Moorman v. Thalacker
| Year | 1996 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 83 F.3d 970 (8th Cir. 1996) |
| Level | Court of Appeals |
| Conclusion | Bench Verdict |
| Damages | 3602 |
| Injunction Status | N/A |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Moorman v. Thalacker, 83 F.3d 970 (8th Cir. 05/14/1996)
[Editor's note: footnotes (if any) trail the opinion]
[1] U.S. CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT
[2] No. 95-2245
[3] Lee Moorman, Jr.,
[4] Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
[5] John A. Thalacker, sued as John Thalacker; Larry Brimeyer; Thomas Luensman, sued as C/O Luensman; Jerome Manternach, sued as Jerry Manternach,
[6] Defendant-Appellants,
[7] Charles Lee,
[8] Defendant,
[9] Harold Wood,
[10] Defendant-Appellant,
[11] No. 95-2297
[12] Lee Moorman, Jr.,
[13] Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
[14] John A. Thalacker, sued as John Thalacker; Larry Brimeyer; Thomas Luensman, sued as C/O Luensman; Jerome Manternach, sued as Jerry Manternach; Charles Lee; Harold Wood,
[15] Defendant-Appellees,
[16] Submitted: February 12, 1996
[17] Filed: May 14, 1996
[18] Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa.
[19] Before BOWMAN, BEAM, and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.
[20] BEAM, Circuit Judge.
[21] Lee Moorman was disciplined after he was found to have violated prison regulations. The discipline included the loss of sixteen days of good time. He filed suit under 42 U.S.C. Section(s) 1983 claiming that prison officials violated his rights to due process. The district court *fn1 denied the officials qualified immunity and ruled in favor of Moorman. Moorman appeals the determination of damages and the prison officials appeal both the district court's denial of qualified immunity and its determination of liability on the merits. We reverse.
[22] I. BACKGROUND
[23] In 1984, Moorman was sentenced to twenty-five years in prison for an armed robbery which he committed using his father's .357 magnum handgun. In September 1989, a prison guard overheard an interchange between Moorman and a fellow inmate about obtaining handguns. Moorman, who was anticipating release in the near future, stated that he intended to obtain his father's gun again immediately upon his release from prison. Moorman also stated that if he could not persuade his father to give him the .357 magnum (which both inmates agreed was the most desirable model), he would go out and purchase one.
[24] The guard filed a disciplinary report and Moorman was disciplined under prison rules 41 and 11. Rule 11 forbids inmates from engaging in conduct which is a felony under state or federal law. Rule 41, among other things, forbids inmates from "attempt[ing] to commit any of the [offenses covered in Rule 11] or [being] in complicity with others who are committing or attempting to commit any of the [offenses covered by Rule 11]." Information Guide, Iowa State Men's Reformatory, pp. 10, 14 (June 1989). Thus, Moorman was disciplined for an "attempt" to possess a firearm as a convicted felon. His discipline consisted of the loss of 16 days good time, 15 days of the highest level of disciplinary detention, and 107 days in progressively less restricted disciplinary detention. *fn2 Moorman was paroled on October 26, 1990, after serving six years of his sentence.
[25] Moorman's state court post-conviction action challenging the disciplinary action was declared moot because he was paroled before it came to trial. *fn3 He filed this section 1983 action in July 1991. The district court determined there was no evidence that Moorman had violated Rules 41 and 11. It therefore ruled that the prison officials had violated Moorman's due process rights when they disciplined him. The court found that Moorman was injured by the disciplinary detention and by the loss of wages incurred due to his transfer to a higher security institution. It awarded $3,602.55 in damages for those injuries.
[26] Moorman, who was paroled within a year of the incident, also claimed that but for the discipline he would have been paroled sooner. He requested damages for the delay. The district court found that there was no credible evidence that Moorman's parole was delayed by the discipline, and that, in any case, the exchange for which Moorman was disciplined would have been proper grounds for such a delay. Therefore, the court found that Moorman had suffered no injury and refused to award any damages for the alleged delay. The district court did not consider or award any damages for the loss of good time.
[27] Moorman appeals the court's damages award, claiming that he should have been compensated not just for the disciplinary segregation but also for the transfer from a minimum to a medium security institution and for the alleged delay in parole. The prison officials appeal the district court's ruling on the merits and its denial of their claim of qualified immunity.
[28] II. DISCUSSION
[29] A. Claims of the Prison Officials
[30] The question of qualified immunity is an issue of law which we review de novo. White v. Holmes, 21 F.3d 277, 279 (8th Cir. 1994). To consider a prisoner's claim against a prison official, we must first determine whether he or she has alleged the violation of a federal statutory or constitutional right, and if so, whether that right is clearly established. Id.; Get Away Club, Inc. v. Coleman, 969 F.2d 664, 666 (8th Cir. 1992). If the conduct complained of violates no constitutional right, the complaint must be dismissed. Get Away, 969 F.2d at 666. In this case, a recent Supreme Court decision and the state of the record make it uncertain whether Moorman has alleged the violation of any constitutional right. See Sandin v. Conner, 115 S. Ct. 2293 (1995) (disciplinary segregated confinement of inmate falls within the expected parameters of prison sentence, and does not present the type of atypical, significant deprivation in which a state might conceivably create a liberty interest).
[31] In Sandin, the Court explained that whether an inmate has a liberty interest protected by due process depends on the nature of the interest at stake and not just on the mandatory or precatory nature of the institutional procedures governing that interest. Id. at 2299-2300. The Court so held to extricate the federal courts from inappropriate micromanagement of the common incidents of prison life which its former approach had encouraged. See id. (citing cases claiming or finding constitutionally protected interests in dictionaries, tray lunches, unrestricted furlough travel, big cells with television outlets, food loafs & boot camp participation). The former emphasis on the mere nature of the rules without critical consideration of the underlying interest encouraged prisoners to make federal cases out of trivial disagreements and discouraged prisons from codifying their administrative procedures, thus perversely encouraging arbitrary action by rudderless employees. Id. at 2299.
[32] Sandin concluded that the inmate had no liberty interest in avoiding the disciplinary confinement in issue in that case because that confinement did not present an atypical and significant deprivation in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life. Id. at 2301. Therefore, the Due Process Clause was not implicated despite the mandatory nature of the rules relating to the imposition of disciplinary confinement. The Court stated that there are some deprivations, and not necessarily those so severe as to independently trigger due process protection, against which states could conceivably create a liberty interest. Id. at 2300. Those are deprivations which work such major disruptions in a prisoner's environment and life that they present dramatic departures from the basic conditions and ordinary incidents of prison sentences. Id. at 2300-01. While Conner's segregated and solitary confinement was not such a deprivation, the Court noted that prisoners nonetheless retain protection from arbitrary state action even within the expected conditions of confinement through the First and Eighth Amendments, the Equal Protection Clause, internal prison grievance procedures, and state judicial review. Id. at 2302 n.11.
[33] While we are unsure whether Moorman's confinement was a dramatic departure from the ordinary incidents of prison life, we think not. Admittedly, his environment was disrupted by the transfer, but there is no liberty interest in assignment to any particular prison. See Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 224 (1976). Thus, constitutionally speaking, such assignments are discretionary, so long as they are not done for prohibited or invidious reasons and do not rise to independent constitutional violations on their own weight. See Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 493 (1980); Sisneros v. Nix, 884 F. Supp. 1313, 1346 (S.D. Iowa 1995). The disciplinary detention at issue here is within that same category. Moorman does not allege any invidious or prohibited reason for his detention, and the detention appears no more severe than that in Sandin. It does not appear to have been a disruption exceeding the ordinary incidents of prison life.
[34] Therefore, the only deprivation of which Moorman may complain is that of his good time credits. However, as Wolff v. McDonnell makes clear, good time credits alone are not liberty interests. 418 U.S. 539, 557 (1974). To be so considered, the state must have created a mandatory scheme which necessarily affects the duration of a prisoner's sentence. See id.; Sandin, 115 S. Ct. at 2297. Because the loss of good time credits did not enter into the district court's decision, it made no determination as to whether such credits were mandatory in nature or whether their loss injured Moorman. While neither party has directed us to any authority on whether Iowa's good time provisions are mandatory in nature, we note that the Iowa statutes dealing with good time credits simply direct that "[a]n inmate shall not be discharged from . . . custody . . . until the inmate has served the full term . . . less good conduct time earned." Iowa Code Ann. Section(s) 903A.5 (West 1994 & Supp. 1996). Further, the Iowa statutes merely indicate that inmates are eligible to receive good time for good behavior, unlike the mandatory statute at issue in Wolff. Compare Iowa Code Ann. Section(s) 903A.2 ("[e]ach inmate . . . is eligible for a reduction of sentence . . . for . . . good conduct) with Wolff, 418 U.S. at 546 n.6 (reproducing the applicable Nebraska statute, which directs that the warden "shall" reduce sentences by specified amounts for good time and that such time "shall" apply to mandatory parole). Finally, under Iowa law, good time may be revoked for bare "violat[ion of] an institutional rule," Iowa Code Ann. Section(s) 903A.3, whereas the scheme in question in Wolff specifically barred revocation of good time credit except in cases of "flagrant or serious misconduct." Wolff, 418 at 545 n.5. Thus, given its highly discretionary nature, it is unclear that Iowa's statutory scheme creates a liberty interest in good time. *fn4
[35] However, even assuming that Moorman has alleged the violation of a constitutional right, we find that the district court should have granted the officers qualified immunity.
[36] The district court based its ruling on its determination that the "some evidence" rule had been violated, i.e., that there was no evidence that Moorman violated the rule in question. See Superintendent, Mass. Correctional Inst. v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445, 447 & 455 (1985) (due process requires that "some evidence" support decisions of prison disciplinary boards affecting liberty interests); Goff v. Dailey, 991 F.2d 1437, 1440-42 (8th Cir.) (prison officials' use of "some evidence" burden of proof for disciplinary decisions satisfies due process), cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 564 (1993). In order to do so, the district court evaluated the considerable evidence of the event in question, and, after legal analysis, decided that that conduct could not constitute an "attempt." We think the district court applied the wrong standard and the wrong analysis.
[37] The proper analysis was not whether there was "some evidence" of a rules violation, which goes to whether there is a sufficient quantum of evidence for the disciplinary committee to find that the prisoner actually committed the conduct of which he accused. See Superintendent v. Hill, 472 U.S. at 455-56 ("some evidence" is evidentiary standard to be applied to factual findings); Goff, 991 F.2d at 1140-42 (prison officials' factual findings based on "some evidence" burden of proof satisfy due process). Rather, the question presented is whether the committee was justified in finding that the conduct in question, which was amply supported by the evidence, constituted a violation of the rules. To decide this issue, we look to the officials' interpretation and application of the prison rules.
[38] Where there is no clearly established judicial interpretation to the contrary, we defer to prison officials' interpretation and application of their rules to the facts so long as that interpretation and application is not objectively unreasonable. See Henderson v. Baird, 29 F.3d 464, 468 (8th Cir. 1994) (interpretation of "assault" to include throwing orange juice on a guard not objectively unreasonable), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 2584 (1995). In this case, as the district court recognized, whether or not the exchange in question ought to be characterized as an "attempt" depends on whether it amounted to a "plan." *fn5 See Freitas v. Auger, 837 F.2d 806, 807, 809, 811 (8th Cir. 1988) (prison may not punish an inmate for attempted escape for simply talking about escape, but may punish an inmate for planning or complicity in planning one). The district court, after some analysis, decided that the conduct in this case did not amount to a "plan" because there was no overt act. Whether it is the district court's or the prison officials' determination (as to what constitutes a "plan") that is ultimately found to be correct, the question is certainly arguable and open to debate. Freitas does not set out clearly established guidelines as to which verbal exchanges amount to "plans" and which amount to mere talk, nor does it indicate verbal exchanges alone may never be "plans." Thus, there was no established judicial interpretation of "plan" which was patently contrary to the officials' application in this case. See Cornell v. Woods, 69 F.3d 1383, 1390 (8th Cir. 1995) (qualified immunity protects officials' discretionary acts unless pre-existing law renders unlawfulness of act apparent).
[39] The law of "attempt" is complex and fraught with intricacies and doctrinal divergences. Qualified immunity protects prison officials from liability for their objectively reasonable efforts to divine whether a course of conduct amounts to an "attempt," even should their answer be arguably wrong. See Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986) (qualified immunity protects mistakes, mistaken judgments and "all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law"); Bartlett v. Fisher, 972 F.2d 911, 914 (8th Cir. 1992) (qualified immunity protects reasonable errors); Gorra v. Hanson, 880 F.2d 95, 97-98 (8th Cir. 1989) (qualified immunity protects officials' reasonable interpretations of law); McCurry v. Tesch, 824 F.2d 638, 642 (8th Cir. 1987) (officials need not correctly anticipate appellate interpretation of legal maxims about which even the courts disagree in order to avoid paying damages out of their own pockets). The officials, presented with a prisoner nearing his release date detailing his intentions to obtain the precise weapon which he had previously used to ill-effect, delineating exactly how that weapon was to be acquired, and specifying his backup method for procuring an identical weapon should the first fail, could reasonably interpret such conduct as a "plan." This is the classic situation for which qualified immunity is designed; prison officials interpreting and applying their disciplinary regulations in a not objectively unreasonable fashion in order to maintain discipline and order in the institution. See generally Sandin, 115 S. Ct. at 2299-301; Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 544 (1979).
[40] B. Claims of Moorman
[41] Since the district court erred in denying the prison officials' claim of qualified immunity, we do not address Moorman's complaints as to the inadequacy of his damages award. Moorman's motion to strike the state's Heck argument (supra n.4) is denied.
[42] III. CONCLUSION
[43] Because the prison officials should have been granted qualified immunity, we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand with directions that judgment be entered in the officials' favor.
[44] A true copy.
[45] Attest:
[46] CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
***** BEGIN FOOTNOTE(S) HERE *****
[47] *fn1 The case was tried before a magistrate with the parties' consent.
[48] *fn2 Moorman was also transferred from a minimum security institution to a medium security institution as a result of the disciplinary report.
[49] *fn3 Moorman's motion for summary judgment claiming issue preclusion, which was based on an eventual state court finding in favor of the other inmate, was correctly denied by the district court. As the district court pointed out, the two inmates played different roles, with Moorman being the main player. That ruling has not been appealed.
[50] *fn4 According to the state, even if Moorman has alleged a violation of his constitutional rights, other recent Supreme Court decisions put into question whether he may vindicate the particular violation alleged through a 42 U.S.C. Section(s) 1983 action. See Heck v. Humphrey, 114 S. Ct. 2364, 2370 (1994) (a prisoner's action challenging the validity or length of confinement must be brought in habeas, but a challenge to procedures underlying confinement may be brought under section 1983 if use of the wrong procedure does not vitiate the confinement itself). A habeas petitioner must have exhausted state remedies before bringing a federal habeas petition, while a section 1983 plaintiff may proceed directly to federal court. Moorman points out that he did exhaust his state remedies, by bringing his state habeas action which was declared moot. Thus, he argues, finding the label of this action determinative would be elevating form over substance. We are inclined to agree, especially since Heck specifically distinguishes Wolff as a proper section 1983 action wherein the petitioner sought damages for the use of the wrong procedure, not restoration of the credits or a remedy which necessarily vitiated their denial. Heck, 114 S. Ct. at 2370. That is what we understand Moorman to be seeking.
[51] *fn5 The prison regulations define attempt as "when, with intent to commit an offense, the inmate engages in conduct which tends to effect the commission of such offense." Information Guide at 8.
***** END FOOTNOTE(S) HERE *****
19960514
Moorman v. Thalacker, 83 F.3d 970 (8th Cir. 05/14/1996)
[Editor's note: footnotes (if any) trail the opinion]
[1] U.S. CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT
[2] No. 95-2245
[3] Lee Moorman, Jr.,
[4] Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
[5] John A. Thalacker, sued as John Thalacker; Larry Brimeyer; Thomas Luensman, sued as C/O Luensman; Jerome Manternach, sued as Jerry Manternach,
[6] Defendant-Appellants,
[7] Charles Lee,
[8] Defendant,
[9] Harold Wood,
[10] Defendant-Appellant,
[11] No. 95-2297
[12] Lee Moorman, Jr.,
[13] Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
[14] John A. Thalacker, sued as John Thalacker; Larry Brimeyer; Thomas Luensman, sued as C/O Luensman; Jerome Manternach, sued as Jerry Manternach; Charles Lee; Harold Wood,
[15] Defendant-Appellees,
[16] Submitted: February 12, 1996
[17] Filed: May 14, 1996
[18] Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa.
[19] Before BOWMAN, BEAM, and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.
[20] BEAM, Circuit Judge.
[21] Lee Moorman was disciplined after he was found to have violated prison regulations. The discipline included the loss of sixteen days of good time. He filed suit under 42 U.S.C. Section(s) 1983 claiming that prison officials violated his rights to due process. The district court *fn1 denied the officials qualified immunity and ruled in favor of Moorman. Moorman appeals the determination of damages and the prison officials appeal both the district court's denial of qualified immunity and its determination of liability on the merits. We reverse.
[22] I. BACKGROUND
[23] In 1984, Moorman was sentenced to twenty-five years in prison for an armed robbery which he committed using his father's .357 magnum handgun. In September 1989, a prison guard overheard an interchange between Moorman and a fellow inmate about obtaining handguns. Moorman, who was anticipating release in the near future, stated that he intended to obtain his father's gun again immediately upon his release from prison. Moorman also stated that if he could not persuade his father to give him the .357 magnum (which both inmates agreed was the most desirable model), he would go out and purchase one.
[24] The guard filed a disciplinary report and Moorman was disciplined under prison rules 41 and 11. Rule 11 forbids inmates from engaging in conduct which is a felony under state or federal law. Rule 41, among other things, forbids inmates from "attempt[ing] to commit any of the [offenses covered in Rule 11] or [being] in complicity with others who are committing or attempting to commit any of the [offenses covered by Rule 11]." Information Guide, Iowa State Men's Reformatory, pp. 10, 14 (June 1989). Thus, Moorman was disciplined for an "attempt" to possess a firearm as a convicted felon. His discipline consisted of the loss of 16 days good time, 15 days of the highest level of disciplinary detention, and 107 days in progressively less restricted disciplinary detention. *fn2 Moorman was paroled on October 26, 1990, after serving six years of his sentence.
[25] Moorman's state court post-conviction action challenging the disciplinary action was declared moot because he was paroled before it came to trial. *fn3 He filed this section 1983 action in July 1991. The district court determined there was no evidence that Moorman had violated Rules 41 and 11. It therefore ruled that the prison officials had violated Moorman's due process rights when they disciplined him. The court found that Moorman was injured by the disciplinary detention and by the loss of wages incurred due to his transfer to a higher security institution. It awarded $3,602.55 in damages for those injuries.
[26] Moorman, who was paroled within a year of the incident, also claimed that but for the discipline he would have been paroled sooner. He requested damages for the delay. The district court found that there was no credible evidence that Moorman's parole was delayed by the discipline, and that, in any case, the exchange for which Moorman was disciplined would have been proper grounds for such a delay. Therefore, the court found that Moorman had suffered no injury and refused to award any damages for the alleged delay. The district court did not consider or award any damages for the loss of good time.
[27] Moorman appeals the court's damages award, claiming that he should have been compensated not just for the disciplinary segregation but also for the transfer from a minimum to a medium security institution and for the alleged delay in parole. The prison officials appeal the district court's ruling on the merits and its denial of their claim of qualified immunity.
[28] II. DISCUSSION
[29] A. Claims of the Prison Officials
[30] The question of qualified immunity is an issue of law which we review de novo. White v. Holmes, 21 F.3d 277, 279 (8th Cir. 1994). To consider a prisoner's claim against a prison official, we must first determine whether he or she has alleged the violation of a federal statutory or constitutional right, and if so, whether that right is clearly established. Id.; Get Away Club, Inc. v. Coleman, 969 F.2d 664, 666 (8th Cir. 1992). If the conduct complained of violates no constitutional right, the complaint must be dismissed. Get Away, 969 F.2d at 666. In this case, a recent Supreme Court decision and the state of the record make it uncertain whether Moorman has alleged the violation of any constitutional right. See Sandin v. Conner, 115 S. Ct. 2293 (1995) (disciplinary segregated confinement of inmate falls within the expected parameters of prison sentence, and does not present the type of atypical, significant deprivation in which a state might conceivably create a liberty interest).
[31] In Sandin, the Court explained that whether an inmate has a liberty interest protected by due process depends on the nature of the interest at stake and not just on the mandatory or precatory nature of the institutional procedures governing that interest. Id. at 2299-2300. The Court so held to extricate the federal courts from inappropriate micromanagement of the common incidents of prison life which its former approach had encouraged. See id. (citing cases claiming or finding constitutionally protected interests in dictionaries, tray lunches, unrestricted furlough travel, big cells with television outlets, food loafs & boot camp participation). The former emphasis on the mere nature of the rules without critical consideration of the underlying interest encouraged prisoners to make federal cases out of trivial disagreements and discouraged prisons from codifying their administrative procedures, thus perversely encouraging arbitrary action by rudderless employees. Id. at 2299.
[32] Sandin concluded that the inmate had no liberty interest in avoiding the disciplinary confinement in issue in that case because that confinement did not present an atypical and significant deprivation in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life. Id. at 2301. Therefore, the Due Process Clause was not implicated despite the mandatory nature of the rules relating to the imposition of disciplinary confinement. The Court stated that there are some deprivations, and not necessarily those so severe as to independently trigger due process protection, against which states could conceivably create a liberty interest. Id. at 2300. Those are deprivations which work such major disruptions in a prisoner's environment and life that they present dramatic departures from the basic conditions and ordinary incidents of prison sentences. Id. at 2300-01. While Conner's segregated and solitary confinement was not such a deprivation, the Court noted that prisoners nonetheless retain protection from arbitrary state action even within the expected conditions of confinement through the First and Eighth Amendments, the Equal Protection Clause, internal prison grievance procedures, and state judicial review. Id. at 2302 n.11.
[33] While we are unsure whether Moorman's confinement was a dramatic departure from the ordinary incidents of prison life, we think not. Admittedly, his environment was disrupted by the transfer, but there is no liberty interest in assignment to any particular prison. See Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 224 (1976). Thus, constitutionally speaking, such assignments are discretionary, so long as they are not done for prohibited or invidious reasons and do not rise to independent constitutional violations on their own weight. See Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 493 (1980); Sisneros v. Nix, 884 F. Supp. 1313, 1346 (S.D. Iowa 1995). The disciplinary detention at issue here is within that same category. Moorman does not allege any invidious or prohibited reason for his detention, and the detention appears no more severe than that in Sandin. It does not appear to have been a disruption exceeding the ordinary incidents of prison life.
[34] Therefore, the only deprivation of which Moorman may complain is that of his good time credits. However, as Wolff v. McDonnell makes clear, good time credits alone are not liberty interests. 418 U.S. 539, 557 (1974). To be so considered, the state must have created a mandatory scheme which necessarily affects the duration of a prisoner's sentence. See id.; Sandin, 115 S. Ct. at 2297. Because the loss of good time credits did not enter into the district court's decision, it made no determination as to whether such credits were mandatory in nature or whether their loss injured Moorman. While neither party has directed us to any authority on whether Iowa's good time provisions are mandatory in nature, we note that the Iowa statutes dealing with good time credits simply direct that "[a]n inmate shall not be discharged from . . . custody . . . until the inmate has served the full term . . . less good conduct time earned." Iowa Code Ann. Section(s) 903A.5 (West 1994 & Supp. 1996). Further, the Iowa statutes merely indicate that inmates are eligible to receive good time for good behavior, unlike the mandatory statute at issue in Wolff. Compare Iowa Code Ann. Section(s) 903A.2 ("[e]ach inmate . . . is eligible for a reduction of sentence . . . for . . . good conduct) with Wolff, 418 U.S. at 546 n.6 (reproducing the applicable Nebraska statute, which directs that the warden "shall" reduce sentences by specified amounts for good time and that such time "shall" apply to mandatory parole). Finally, under Iowa law, good time may be revoked for bare "violat[ion of] an institutional rule," Iowa Code Ann. Section(s) 903A.3, whereas the scheme in question in Wolff specifically barred revocation of good time credit except in cases of "flagrant or serious misconduct." Wolff, 418 at 545 n.5. Thus, given its highly discretionary nature, it is unclear that Iowa's statutory scheme creates a liberty interest in good time. *fn4
[35] However, even assuming that Moorman has alleged the violation of a constitutional right, we find that the district court should have granted the officers qualified immunity.
[36] The district court based its ruling on its determination that the "some evidence" rule had been violated, i.e., that there was no evidence that Moorman violated the rule in question. See Superintendent, Mass. Correctional Inst. v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445, 447 & 455 (1985) (due process requires that "some evidence" support decisions of prison disciplinary boards affecting liberty interests); Goff v. Dailey, 991 F.2d 1437, 1440-42 (8th Cir.) (prison officials' use of "some evidence" burden of proof for disciplinary decisions satisfies due process), cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 564 (1993). In order to do so, the district court evaluated the considerable evidence of the event in question, and, after legal analysis, decided that that conduct could not constitute an "attempt." We think the district court applied the wrong standard and the wrong analysis.
[37] The proper analysis was not whether there was "some evidence" of a rules violation, which goes to whether there is a sufficient quantum of evidence for the disciplinary committee to find that the prisoner actually committed the conduct of which he accused. See Superintendent v. Hill, 472 U.S. at 455-56 ("some evidence" is evidentiary standard to be applied to factual findings); Goff, 991 F.2d at 1140-42 (prison officials' factual findings based on "some evidence" burden of proof satisfy due process). Rather, the question presented is whether the committee was justified in finding that the conduct in question, which was amply supported by the evidence, constituted a violation of the rules. To decide this issue, we look to the officials' interpretation and application of the prison rules.
[38] Where there is no clearly established judicial interpretation to the contrary, we defer to prison officials' interpretation and application of their rules to the facts so long as that interpretation and application is not objectively unreasonable. See Henderson v. Baird, 29 F.3d 464, 468 (8th Cir. 1994) (interpretation of "assault" to include throwing orange juice on a guard not objectively unreasonable), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 2584 (1995). In this case, as the district court recognized, whether or not the exchange in question ought to be characterized as an "attempt" depends on whether it amounted to a "plan." *fn5 See Freitas v. Auger, 837 F.2d 806, 807, 809, 811 (8th Cir. 1988) (prison may not punish an inmate for attempted escape for simply talking about escape, but may punish an inmate for planning or complicity in planning one). The district court, after some analysis, decided that the conduct in this case did not amount to a "plan" because there was no overt act. Whether it is the district court's or the prison officials' determination (as to what constitutes a "plan") that is ultimately found to be correct, the question is certainly arguable and open to debate. Freitas does not set out clearly established guidelines as to which verbal exchanges amount to "plans" and which amount to mere talk, nor does it indicate verbal exchanges alone may never be "plans." Thus, there was no established judicial interpretation of "plan" which was patently contrary to the officials' application in this case. See Cornell v. Woods, 69 F.3d 1383, 1390 (8th Cir. 1995) (qualified immunity protects officials' discretionary acts unless pre-existing law renders unlawfulness of act apparent).
[39] The law of "attempt" is complex and fraught with intricacies and doctrinal divergences. Qualified immunity protects prison officials from liability for their objectively reasonable efforts to divine whether a course of conduct amounts to an "attempt," even should their answer be arguably wrong. See Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986) (qualified immunity protects mistakes, mistaken judgments and "all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law"); Bartlett v. Fisher, 972 F.2d 911, 914 (8th Cir. 1992) (qualified immunity protects reasonable errors); Gorra v. Hanson, 880 F.2d 95, 97-98 (8th Cir. 1989) (qualified immunity protects officials' reasonable interpretations of law); McCurry v. Tesch, 824 F.2d 638, 642 (8th Cir. 1987) (officials need not correctly anticipate appellate interpretation of legal maxims about which even the courts disagree in order to avoid paying damages out of their own pockets). The officials, presented with a prisoner nearing his release date detailing his intentions to obtain the precise weapon which he had previously used to ill-effect, delineating exactly how that weapon was to be acquired, and specifying his backup method for procuring an identical weapon should the first fail, could reasonably interpret such conduct as a "plan." This is the classic situation for which qualified immunity is designed; prison officials interpreting and applying their disciplinary regulations in a not objectively unreasonable fashion in order to maintain discipline and order in the institution. See generally Sandin, 115 S. Ct. at 2299-301; Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 544 (1979).
[40] B. Claims of Moorman
[41] Since the district court erred in denying the prison officials' claim of qualified immunity, we do not address Moorman's complaints as to the inadequacy of his damages award. Moorman's motion to strike the state's Heck argument (supra n.4) is denied.
[42] III. CONCLUSION
[43] Because the prison officials should have been granted qualified immunity, we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand with directions that judgment be entered in the officials' favor.
[44] A true copy.
[45] Attest:
[46] CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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[47] *fn1 The case was tried before a magistrate with the parties' consent.
[48] *fn2 Moorman was also transferred from a minimum security institution to a medium security institution as a result of the disciplinary report.
[49] *fn3 Moorman's motion for summary judgment claiming issue preclusion, which was based on an eventual state court finding in favor of the other inmate, was correctly denied by the district court. As the district court pointed out, the two inmates played different roles, with Moorman being the main player. That ruling has not been appealed.
[50] *fn4 According to the state, even if Moorman has alleged a violation of his constitutional rights, other recent Supreme Court decisions put into question whether he may vindicate the particular violation alleged through a 42 U.S.C. Section(s) 1983 action. See Heck v. Humphrey, 114 S. Ct. 2364, 2370 (1994) (a prisoner's action challenging the validity or length of confinement must be brought in habeas, but a challenge to procedures underlying confinement may be brought under section 1983 if use of the wrong procedure does not vitiate the confinement itself). A habeas petitioner must have exhausted state remedies before bringing a federal habeas petition, while a section 1983 plaintiff may proceed directly to federal court. Moorman points out that he did exhaust his state remedies, by bringing his state habeas action which was declared moot. Thus, he argues, finding the label of this action determinative would be elevating form over substance. We are inclined to agree, especially since Heck specifically distinguishes Wolff as a proper section 1983 action wherein the petitioner sought damages for the use of the wrong procedure, not restoration of the credits or a remedy which necessarily vitiated their denial. Heck, 114 S. Ct. at 2370. That is what we understand Moorman to be seeking.
[51] *fn5 The prison regulations define attempt as "when, with intent to commit an offense, the inmate engages in conduct which tends to effect the commission of such offense." Information Guide at 8.
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